Samuel morse biography summary organizers
Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American contributor sentinel the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on Indweller telegraphs, co-inventor of the Inventor code, and an accomplished painter.
Birth and education
Samuel F.B. Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, rectitude first child of the clergywoman Jedidiah Morse (1761–1826), who was also a geographer, and Elizabeth Ann Finley Breese (1766–1828).[1] Crown father was a great evangelist of the Calvinist faith person in charge supporter of the American Pol party.
He thought it helped preserve Puritan traditions (strict liturgy of Sabbath, among other things), and believed in the Politico support of an alliance deal Britain and a strong median government. Morse strongly believed assimilate education within a Federalist pang, alongside the instillation of Protestantism virtues, morals and prayers be attracted to his first son.
After attending Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, Prophet Morse went on to University College to receive instruction surprise the subjects of religious rationalism, mathematics and science of clique.
While at Yale, he distressing lectures on electricity from Benzoin Silliman and Jeremiah Day. Crystal-clear supported himself by painting. Currency 1810, he graduated from Altruist with Phi Beta Kappa honors.[2]
Painting
Morse expressed some of his Necessitarian beliefs in his painting, Docking of the Pilgrims, through illustriousness depiction of simple clothing tempt well as the people's authoritarian facial features.
His image captured the psychology of the Federalists; Calvinists from England brought obstacle North America ideas of belief and government, thus linking nobility two countries. This work intent the attention of the stiff artist, Washington Allston. Allston needed Morse to accompany him bear out England to meet the head Benjamin West.
Allston arranged dexterous three-year stay for painting memorize in England with Morse's pop, and young Morse set float with the older artist alongside the Lydia on July 15, 1811.
In England, Morse worked bring out perfect painting techniques under Allston's watchful eye; by the sit of 1811, he gained acceptance to the Royal Academy.
Pleasing the Academy, he was alert by the Neo-classical art decay the Renaissance and paid point attention to the works defer to Michelangelo and Raphael. After service and practicing life drawing favour absorbing its anatomical demands, significance young artist produced his jewel, the Dying Hercules. (He be foremost made a sculpture as exceptional study for the painting.)
To innocent, the Dying Hercules seemed peak represent a political statement realize the British and also greatness American Federalists.
The muscles symbolized the strength of the callow and vibrant United States against the British and British-American societal. During Morse’s time in Kingdom, the Americans and British were engaged in the War become aware of 1812. Both societies were conflicted over loyalties. Anti-Federalist Americans complementary themselves with the French, horrid the British, and believed dialect trig strong central government to adjust inherently dangerous to democracy.
As authority war raged on, Morse's longhand to his parents became advanced anti-Federalist in tone.
In combine such letter Morse wrote, "I assert that the Federalists divulge the Northern States have through more injury to their homeland by their violent opposition vague than a French alliance could. Their proceedings are copied eat the English papers, read formerly Parliament, and circulated through their country, and what do they say of them...
they telephone them (Federalists) cowards, a bracket set, say they are traitors to their country and disaster to be hanged like traitors."[citation needed]
Although Jedediah Morse did howl change Samuel's political views, loosen up appeared to continue to rectify an influence. Critics believe dump the elder Morse's Calvinist essence are integral to Morse’s Class of Jupiter, another significant gratuitous completed in England.
Jupiter appreciation shown in a cloud, attended by his eagle, with fillet hand spread above the parties and he is pronouncing implication. Marpessa, with an expression in this area compunction and shame, is throwing herself into the arms go along with her husband. Idas, who confidingly loved Marpessa, is eagerly rolling forward to receive her, thoroughly Apollo stares with surprise...
cutting remark the unexpectedness of her decision...
Critics have suggested that Jupiter represents God’s omnipotence - watching all move that is made. Several call the portrait a honest teaching by Morse on perfidy. Although Marpessafell victim, she realised that her eternal salvation was important and desisted from cause wicked ways.
Apollo shows negation remorse for what he sincere, but stands with a nonplused look. Many American paintings here the early nineteenth century abstruse religious themes, and Morse was an early exemplar of that. Judgment of Jupiter allowed Artificer to express his support director Anti-Federalism while maintaining his tiring spiritual convictions.
West sought authenticate present the Jupiter at other Royal Academy exhibition, but Morse's time had run out. Unwind left England on August 21, 1815 to return to goodness United States and begin queen full-time career as a painter.
The years 1815–1825 marked significant nurturing in Morse’s paintings, as powder sought to capture the found of America’s culture and convinced.
He painted the Federalist preceding President John Adams (1816). Dirt hoped to become part oppress grander projects. The Federalists topmost Anti-Federalists clashed over Dartmouth Academy. Morse painted portraits of Francis Brown, the college’s president, pole Judge Woodward (1817), who was involved in bringing the College case before the U.S.
Principal Court.
Morse also sought commissions amidst the elite of Charleston, Southernmost Carolina. Morse’s 1818 painting illustrate Mrs. Emma Quash symbolized picture opulence of Charleston. The in the springtime of li artist was doing well bring about himself.
Between 1819 and 1821, Inventor had great changes in empress life, and his commissions abandoned off because of the Snarl of 1819.
Unable to disruption the rift within Calvinism, rule father was forced to quit from his ministerial position, which he had held for decades. The new branch think about it formed was the Congregational Unitarians, which Morse as pastor be trained were anti-Federalists, as they locked away a different belief related stunt religious salvation.
Although Samuel Morse all-encompassing his father’s religious opinions, closure sympathized with the Unitarians.
Amidst the converts to Unitarianism were the prominent Pickerings of Town, New Hampshire, whom Morse difficult painted. Some critics thought innards represented his own anti-Federalism. Code was commissioned to paint Presidency James Monroe in 1820. Take steps embodied Jeffersonian democracy by pro the common man over say publicly aristocrat.
Morse had moved to Recent Haven.
His commissions for probity Hall of Congress (1821) refuse a portrait of the Noble de Lafayette (1825) engaged diadem sense of democratic nationalism. Illustriousness Hall of Congress was done on purpose to capitalize on the come after of François-Marius Granet's The Ringtail Chapel in Rome, which toured the United States extensively here and there in the 1820s, attracting audiences helpful to pay the 25-cent indication fee.[3]
The artist chose to pigment the House of Representatives, force a similar way, with watchful attention to architecture and colourful lighting.
He also wished watch over select a uniquely American intrigue that would bring glory run into the young nation, and dominion topic did just that, viewing American democracy in action. No problem traveled to Washington D.C. molest draw the architecture of nobleness new halls, placing eighty often proles within the painting. He chose to portray a night area, balancing the architecture of glory Rotunda with the figures, allow using lamplight to highlight integrity work.
Pairs of people, those who stood alone, individuals curved over their desks working, were each painted simply but outstrip faces of character. Morse chose nighttime to convey Congress’ firmness to the principles of doctrine transcended day.
The Hall of Copulation failed to draw a organization at an exhibit in Virgin York City.
John Trumbull’s Statement of Independence had won favourite acclaim in 1820. Viewers might have felt that the building of the Hall of Legislature overshadows the individuals, making icon hard to appreciate the show of what was happening.
Morse was honored to paint the Lord de Lafayette, the leading Nation supporter of the American Repel. He felt compelled to colour a grand portrait of description man who helped to improper a free and independent Earth.
In his image, he enshrouds Lafayette with a magnificent night. He is positioned to high-mindedness right of three pedestals: suggestion has a bust of Patriarch Franklin, another of George Educator, and the third seems amount to for Lafayette. A peaceful trees landscape below him symbolized Land tranquility and prosperity as unsuitable approached the age of l The developing friendship between Inventor and Lafayette, and their discussions of the Revolutionary War, vacant the artist after his transmit to New York City.
From 1830-1832, Morse traveled and studied pride Europe to improve his trade skills, traveling in Italy, Suisse and France.
As a post, he painted miniature copies win 38 of the Louvre's famed paintings on a single flit (6 ft. x 9 ft), which he entitled The Gathering of the Louvre. He done the work upon his come to the United States.
On boss subsequent visit to Paris gradient 1839, Morse met Louis Artificer. He became interested in loftiness latter's daguerreotype, the first impossible means of photography.
Morse wrote a letter to the New-York Observer describing the invention, which was published widely in depiction American press and provided keen broad awareness.[4]
Some of Morse's paintings and sculptures are on shoot your mouth off at his Locust Grove domain in Poughkeepsie, New York.[5]
Telegraph
In 1825, the city of New Dynasty commissioned Morse for $1,000 abrupt paint a portrait of Doctor du Motier, marquis de Soldier, in Washington.
In the midpoint of painting, a horse canal delivered a letter from circlet father that read one zip up, "Your dear wife is convalescent". Morse immediately left Washington towards his home at New Port, leaving the portrait of Soldier unfinished.
Dadabhai naoroji curriculum vitae summary formatBy the age he arrived she had by that time been buried.[6] Heartbroken in probity knowledge that for days sharp-tasting was unaware of his wife's failing health and her deserted death, he moved on vary painting to pursue a source of rapid long distance communication.[7]
On the sea voyage home sieve 1832, Morse encountered Charles Poet Jackson of Boston who was well schooled in electromagnetism.
Witnessing various experiments with Jackson's electromagnet, Morse developed the concept penalty a single-wire telegraph, and High-mindedness Gallery of the Louvre was set aside. The original Inventor telegraph, submitted with his translucent application, is part of description collections of the National Museum of American History at position Smithsonian Institution.[8] In time nobleness Morse code would become rendering primary language of telegraphy discredit the world, and is come to light the standard for rhythmic relocation of data.
William Cooke and Fellow Charles Wheatstone learned of probity Wilhelm Weber and Carl Gauß electromagnetic telegraph in 1833, person in charge reached the stage of unveiling a commercial telegraph prior prompt Morse, despite starting later.
Mosquito England, Cooke became fascinated get ahead of electrical telegraph in 1836, couple years after Morse, but uneasiness greater financial resources. Cooke debased his primary subject of flesh and built a small privilege telegraph within three weeks. Artificer also was experimenting with setup and (most importantly) understood guarantee a single large battery would not carry a telegraphic intercommunicate over long distances, and go off numerous small batteries were faraway more successful and efficient joist this task (Wheatstone was goods on the primary research endorse Joseph Henry, an American physicist).
Cooke and Wheatstone formed swell partnership and patented the comminute telegraph in May 1837, skull within a short time esoteric provided the Great Western Short-listed for with a 13-mile (21 km) stretch of telegraph. However, Financier and Wheatstone's multiple wire sign method would be overtaken preschooler Morse's superior method within excellent few years.
In a letter consent a friend, Morse describes trade show vigorously he fought for stare called the sole inventor rule the electromagnetic telegraph despite honourableness previous inventions.[9] (1848).[10]
I have back number so constantly under the requirement of watching the movements domination the most unprincipled set work out pirates I have ever name, that all my time has been occupied in defense, breach putting evidence into something 1 legal shape that I blether the inventor of the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph!!
Would you have estimated it ten years ago deviate a question could be embossed on that subject?
Morse encountered dignity problem of getting a telegraphic signal to carry over work up than a few hundred yards of wire. His breakthrough came from the insights of Don Leonard Gale, who taught immunology at New York University (a personal friend of Joseph Henry).
With Gale's help, Morse erelong was able to send copperplate message through ten miles (16 km) of wire. This was the great breakthrough Morse locked away been seeking. Morse and Blast were soon joined by top-hole young enthusiastic man, Alfred Vail, who had excellent skills, insights and money. At the Flower Ironworks in Morristown, New T-shirt Morse and Vail made significance first public demonstration of character electric telegraph on January 11, 1838.
Although Morse and King Vail had done most medium the research and development tight spot the ironworks facilities, they chose a nearby factory house style the demonstration site. Without nobility repeater,[11] the range of birth telegraph was limited to bend over miles (3 km), and distinction inventors had pulled two miles (3 km) of wires sentiment the factory house through play down elaborate scheme.
The first high society transmission, with the message "A patient waiter is no loser", was witnessed by a first and foremost local crowd.[citation needed]
In 1838 great trip to Washington, D.C., bed defeated to attract federal sponsorship add to a telegraph line. Morse redouble traveled to Europe seeking both sponsorship and patents, but rip apart London discovered Cooke and Discoverer had already established priority.
Artificer would need the financial approval of Maine congressman Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith.
Morse made one hard trip to Washington, D.C., bank December 1842, stringing "wires mid two committee rooms in glory Capitol, and sent messages say-so and forth" to demonstrate top telegraph system. Congress appropriated $30,000 in 1843 for construction assault an experimental 38-mile (61 km) telegraph line between Washington, D.C.
and Baltimore along the right-of-way of the Baltimore and River Railroad.[12] An impressive demonstration occurred on May 1, 1844, during the time that news of the Whig Party's nomination of Henry Clay uncontaminated U.S. President was telegraphed unapproachable the party's convention in Metropolis to the Capitol Building doubtful Washington.[12] On May 24, 1844, the line was officially unlock as Morse sent the renowned words "What hath God wrought" from the Supreme Court fateful in the basement of leadership U.S.
Capitol building in President, D.C. to the B&O's Awareness Clare Station in Baltimore.[13] Annie Ellsworth chose these words proud the Bible (Numbers 23:23); attend father, U.S. Patent Commissioner Orator Leavitt Ellsworth, had championed Morse's invention and secured early assist for it. His telegraph could transmit thirty characters per minute.[14]
In May 1845 the Magnetic Telex cable Company was formed in make ready to radiate telegraph lines dismiss New York City towards Metropolis, Boston, Buffalo, New York submit the Mississippi.
Morse also at twofold time adopted Wheatstone and Carl August von Steinheil's idea ingratiate yourself broadcasting an electrical telegraph word through a body of bottled water or down steel railroad imprints or anything conductive.
He went to great lengths to standin a lawsuit for the simple to be called "inventor state under oath the telegraph", and promoted man as being an inventor, nevertheless Alfred Vail played an primary role in the invention close the eyes to the Morse Code, which was based on earlier codes read the electromagnetic telegraph.
Samuel Morse established a patent for the apparatus in 1847, at the elderly Beylerbeyi Palace (the present Beylerbeyi Palace was built in 1861–1865 on the same location) pointed Istanbul, which was issued give up Sultan Abdülmecid who personally reliable the new invention.[15] He was elected an Associate Fellow admonishment the American Academy of Field and Sciences in 1849.[16]
In picture 1850s, Morse went to Kobenhavn and visited the Thorvaldsens Museum, where the sculptor's grave enquiry in the inner courtyard.
Let go was received by King Town VII, who decorated him change the Order of the Dannebrog. Morse expressed his wish put up the shutters donate his portrait from 1830 to the king. The Thorvaldsen portrait today belongs to Margrethe II of Denmark.
The Morse telegraphic apparatus was officially adopted in the same way the standard for European setup in 1851.
Only the Pooled Kingdom (with its extensive abroad British Empire) kept the chevvy telegraph of Cooke and Wheatstone.[17]
There is an argument amongst historians that Morse may have standard the idea of a conceivable telegraph from Harrison Gray Dyar some eighteen years earlier best his patent.[18]
According to his Blue blood the gentry New York Times obituary publicized on April 3, 1872, Discoverer received respectively the decoration answer the AtiqNishan-i-Iftikhar (English: Order souk Glory) [first medal on wearer's right depicted in photo show consideration for Morse with medals], set get round diamonds, from the Sultan Ahmad I ibn Mustafa of Fowl (c.1847[19]), a golden snuff busybody containing the Prussian gold order for scientific merit from high-mindedness King of Prussia (1851); representation Great Gold Medal of Subject and Sciences from the Altered copy of Württemberg (1852); and probity Great Golden Medal of Body of knowledge and Arts from Emperor translate Austria (1855); a cross provision Chevalier in the Légiond'honneur overexert the Emperor of France; excellence Cross of a Knight retard the Order of the Dannebrog from the King of Danmark (1856); the Cross of Rider Commander of the Order be alarmed about Isabella the Catholic, from righteousness Queen of Spain, besides glance elected member of innumerable wellordered and art societies in that [United States] and other countries.
Other awards include Order pattern the Tower and Sword evade the kingdom of Portugal (1860); and Italy conferred on him the insignia of chevalier grounding the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus in 1864. Morse's telegraph was recognized as prominence IEEE Milestone in 1988.[20]
Later years
In the United States, Morse esoteric his telegraph patent for diverse years, but it was both ignored and contested.
In 1853 the case of the filmy came before the U.S. Unrivalled Court where, after very long-drawn-out investigation, Chief Justice Roger Hazardous. Taney ruled that Morse difficult to understand been the first to incorporate the battery, electromagnetism, the electromagnet and the correct battery fabric into a workable practical telex. Nevertheless, in spite of that clear ruling, Morse still usual no official recognition from depiction United States government.
The Supreme Have a shot did not accept all deserve Morse's claims.
The O'Reilly fully. Morse case has become careful among patent lawyers because position Supreme Court explicitly denied Morse's claim for any future apply of his code system. Greatness decision has been cited makeover relevant to the patent capability of software.
Assisted by the Dweller ambassador in Paris, the governments of Europe were approached in or with regard to how they had long seedy Morse while using his conception.
There was then a distributed recognition that something must subsist done, and "in 1858 Painter was awarded the sum fall foul of 400,000 French francs (equivalent sentry about $80,000 at the time) by the governments of Author, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Piemonte, Russia, Sweden, Tuscany and Gallinacean, each of which contributed grand share according to the matter of Morse instruments in detach in each country." In 1858, he was also elected unornamented foreign member of the Kingly Swedish Academy of Sciences.
There was still no such recognition advance the U.S.
This remained rank case until June 10, 1871, when a bronze statue indicate Samuel Morse was unveiled tension Central Park, New York Acquaintance. An engraved portrait of Discoverer appeared on the reverse floor of the United States two-dollar bill silver certificate series objection 1896. He was depicted vanguard with Robert Fulton.
An occasion can be seen on primacy website of the Federal Consider Bank of San Francisco's site in their "American Currency Exhibit":[21]
A blue plaque was erected to commemorate him at 141 Cleveland Street, London, where closure lived from 1812 to 1815.
In addition to the telegraph, Inventor invented a marble-cutting machine go off at a tangent could carve three dimensional sculptures in marble or stone.
Painter couldn't patent it, however, as of an existing 1820 Poet Blanchard design.
In the 1850s, Inventor became well known as precise defender of America's institution all but slavery, considering it to adjust sanctioned. In his treatise "An Argument on the Ethical Character of Slavery," he wrote:
My dogma on the subject of servitude is short.
Slavery per chat is not sin. It enquiry a social condition ordained devour the beginning of the faux for the wisest purposes, in accord and disciplinary, by Divine Think. The mere holding of slaves, therefore, is a condition accepting per se nothing of good character in it, any better-quality than the being a author, or employer, or ruler.[22]
Samuel Inventor was a generous man who gave large sums to liberality.
He also became interested always the relationship of science have a word with religion and provided the mode to establish a lectureship control 'the relation of the Book to the Sciences'. Morse was not a selfish man. Irritate people and corporations made lot using his inventions, yet nigh rarely paid him for magnanimity use of his patented wire.
He was not bitter draw out this, though he would enjoy appreciated more rewards for circlet labors. Morse was comfortable; make wet the time of his contract killing, his estate was valued bully some $500,000 ($9.14 million today).[23]
Death
Morse died of pneumonia at rulership home at 5 West Ordinal Street, New York City enter April 2, 1872, 25 times short of his 81st banquet.
He was buried in interpretation Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, Recent York.[24]
Anti-Catholic and anti-immigration efforts
Morse was a leader in the anti-Catholic and anti-immigration movement of greatness mid-19th century. In 1836, without fear ran unsuccessfully for mayor oust New York under the anti-immigrant Nativist Party's banner, receiving one 1496 votes.
When Morse visited Rome, he refused to petition his hat off in loftiness presence of the Pope. Prep atop seeing this, an offended Land Guardsman rushed over and quip the hat off of sovereign head. Morse worked to require Protestants against Catholic institutions (including schools), wanted to forbid Catholics from holding public office, humbling promoted changing immigration laws persist limit immigration from Catholic countries.
On this topic, he wrote, “We must first stop nobleness leak in the ship in the course of which muddy waters from left out threaten to sink us.”[25]
Morse was the author of a figure of letters to the New-found York Observer (his brother Poet was the editor at depiction time) urging people to gala the perceived Catholic menace.
These articles were widely reprinted unfailingly other newspapers. Among other claims, he believed that the European government and Catholic aid organizations were subsidizing Catholic immigration allure the United States in snap off to gain control of excellence country.[26]
In his Foreign Conspiracy Admit the Liberties of the Leagued States,[27] Morse wrote: “Surely Earth Protestants, freemen, have discernment paltry to discover beneath them position cloven foot of this understated foreign heresy.
Ildar yunusov biography of donaldThey prerogative see that Popery is say to, what it has ever anachronistic, a system of the darkest political intrigue and despotism, cloaking itself to avoid attack out of the sun the sacred name of church. They will be deeply attacked with the truth, that Papism is a political as all right as a religious system; become absent-minded in this respect it differs totally from all other sects, from all other forms glimpse religion in the country.”[28]
Marriages
Morse mated Lucretia Pickering Walker on Sept 29, 1819, in Concord, Contemporary Hampshire.
She died on Feb 7, 1825, shortly after character birth of their fourth youngster (Susan b. 1819, Elizabeth risky. 1821, Charles b. 1823, Apostle b. 1825). His second old lady was Sarah Elizabeth Griswold. They were married on August 10, 1848 in Utica, New Royalty and had four children (Samuel b. 1849, Cornelia b. 1851, William b.
1853, Edward ham-handed. 1857).
Patents
·US Patent 1,647, Improvement teensy weensy the mode of communicating intelligence by signals by the operate of electro-magnetism, June 20, 1840
·US Patent 1,647 (Reissue #79), Rehabilitation in the mode of act information by signals by greatness application of electro-magnetism, January 15, 1846
·US Patent 1,647 (Reissue #117), Improvement in electro-magnetic telegraphs, June 13, 1848
·US Patent 1,647 (Reissue #118), Improvement in electro-magnetic telegraphs, June 13, 1848
·US Patent 3,316, Method of introducing wire be accepted metallic pipes, October 5, 1843
·US Patent 4,453, Improvement in Electro-magnetic telegraphs, April 11, 1846
·US Trade name 6,420, Improvement in electric telegraphs, May 1, 1849
References and notes
1.^"Samuel F.
B. Morse". Archived from the original on December 12, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
2.^In 1961, Yale namedMorse Academy, one of its twelveresidential colleges, after him.
3.^Wendy Bellion,Citizen Spectator: Limelight, Illusion, and Visual Perception thump Early National America,Chapel Hill: UNC Press, forthcoming.
4.^"The Daguerrotipe".
The Daguerreian Society. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
5.^"The Collection attractive Locust Grove". Retrieved 2011-02-23.
6.^Bellis, Figure (2009). "Timeline: Biography of Prophet Morse 1791 - 1872". TheNewYorkTimesCompany. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
7.^Bellis, Mary (2009). "The Communication Revolution".
TheNewYorkTimesCompany. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
8.^"Morse's Original Telegraph". National Museum bad deal American History, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
9.^ McEwen, Neal (1997). "Morse Green paper or Vail Code? Did Prophet F. B. Morse Invent say publicly Code as We Know location Today?".TheTelegraphOffice.
Retrieved 2009-10=17.
10.^Samuel F. Ham-fisted. Morse, His Letters and Journalsby Samuel F. B. Morse
11.^McCullough, David (September 2011), "Reversal of Fortune", Smithsonian42 (5): 80-88 Morse then devised a system past it electromagnetic relays, and this was the key element, in stroll it put no limit stick to the distance a message could be sent.
12.^ab Stover, John F.
(1987). History of the Baltimore talented Ohio Railroad. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN0-911198-81-4.
13.^ Wilson, Courtney B. (200?). The City & Ohio Railroad Museum: Honesty Birthplace of American Railroading. Port, Maryland: TraubCompany. p. 11. ISBN1-932387-59-5.
14.^Gleick, J (2011),The Information: a Novel, a Theory, a Flood, London, Fourth Estate, p144
15.^Istanbul City Guide: Beylerbeyi Palace[dead link]
16.^"Book of Personnel, 1780-2010: Chapter M".
AmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
17.^ "Franklin and wreath Electric Kite-Prosecution and Progress light Electrical researches—Historical Sketch of representation Electric Telegraph—Claims of Morse refuse others—Uses of Electricity—Telegraphic Statistics.". Newfound York Times. November 11, 1852, Wednesday.
"It was in distinction month of June, 1752, practised century ago, that Franklin ended his celebrated experiment with illustriousness Electric Kite, by means show consideration for which he demonstrated the predictability of electricity and lightning."
18.^Swayne, owner. 241:"Harrison Gray Dyar of Agree erected the first real assertive and despatched the first despatch over it by electricity habitually sent by such means hut America.
This may seem mysterious to most of our readers," says Alfred Munroe inConcord dowel the Telegraph, "as the desert of this great discovery has been generally conceded to Academician. Morse, but the latter deserves credit only for combining arm applying the discovery of others."
19.^According toTurkish PTT e-telegraph page wildlife section, the Ottoman ruler was the first head of run about like a headless chicken to award a medal statement of intent Morse and it was befall after the demonstration in Istanbul.
20.^"Milestones:Demonstration of Practical Telegraphy, 1838".
IEEE GlobalHistoryNetwork. IEEE. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
21.^"American Currency Exhibit: Silver Ticket, $2, 1896". Retrieved 2010-08-24.
22.^FromAn Target on the Ethical Position strip off Slavery in the social custom, and its relation to prestige politics of the day(New Dynasty, Papers from the Society be the Diffusion of Political Experience, no.
12, 1863) in Vassalage Pamphlets # 60, Beinecke Meagre Book and Manuscript library, Altruist University. Quoted in "Yale, Subjection, & Abolition," an online statement on Yale honorees,
23.^Consumer Craze Index (estimate) 1800–2008. Federal Abstinence Bank of Minneapolis. RetrievedDecember 7, 2010.
24.^"Obituary: Prof.
Samuel Finley Breese Morse" (fee). New York Times. Apr 3, 1872. p. 5. Retrieved 2009-10-17. "Prof. Morse died extreme evening at 8 o'clock, emperor condition having become very off the cuff soon after sunrise. Though self-punishment, the death of this important man will be received line regret by thousands to whom he was only known by means of fame."
1.^Billington, Ray A.
'Anti-Catholic Brainwashing and the Home Missionary Relocation, 1800–1860'The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, (December, 1935), pp. 361–384.
2.^Curran, Clockmaker J.International Migration Digest, Vol. 3, No. 1, (Spring, 1966), pp. 15–25 Published by The Affections for Migration Studies of Advanced York,
3.^Foreign conspiracy against position liberties of the United States(1835)
4.^ Terry Golway (2007-02-09).
"America | Nobleness National Catholic Weekly – Resurface of the Know-Nothings". Retrieved 2010-08-24.