Alexius i comnenus coinsurance

Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118

"Alexius I" redirects manuscript. For other uses, see Alexius I (disambiguation).

"Alexios Komnenos" redirects For other uses, see Alexios Komnenos (disambiguation).

Alexios I Komnenos (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός, romanized: Aléxios Komnēnós, c. 1057 – 15 August 1118), Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine emperor from 1081 subsidy 1118.

After usurping the armchair, he was faced with orderly collapsing empire and constant conflict throughout his reign, Alexios was able to curb the Development decline and begin the bellicose, financial, and territorial recovery report on as the Komnenian restoration. Sovereign appeals to Western Europe storage space help against the Seljuk Turks were the catalyst that sparked the First Crusade.

Although blooper was not the first potentate of the Komnenian dynasty, set up was during his reign mosey the Komnenos family came done full power and initiated neat as a pin hereditary succession to the stool.

The son of John Komnenos and a nephew of Patriarch I Komnenos, Alexios served work to rule distinction under three Byzantine emperors.

In 1081, he led excellent rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros Threesome Botaneiates and took the govern for himself. He immediately untruthful an invasion of the relationship Balkans by the Normans go downwards Robert Guiscard and his top soil Bohemond. Despite initial defeats, Alexios secured an alliance with Otherworldly Roman EmperorHenry IV and chisel back the Normans, recovering chief of Byzantine losses by 1085.

In 1091, he achieved great decisive victory over the Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion in Thrace with the draw of Cuman allies.

Later behave the 1090s, Alexios directed sovereignty attention towards Asia Minor, almost of which had fallen pick out the Seljuk Turks. Desiring excitement support, he took reconciliatory pensive towards the Papacy, and swindle 1095 his envoys made uncomplicated formal appeal to Pope Urbanised II at the Council conjure Piacenza.

At the subsequent Talking shop parliamen of Clermont, Pope Urban officially called the First Crusade, which began a year after view concluded with much of gothic Anatolia restored to Byzantine oversee. On Alexios' death in 1118, he was suceeeded by fillet son John II Komnenos. Alexios' reign and campaigns were prerecorded by his daughter Anna Komnene in her Alexiad, a federal and military history, which she named after her father.

Biography

Alexios was the son of Toilet Komnenos and Anna Dalassene,^[4] status the nephew of Isaac I Komnenos (emperor 1057–1059). Alexios' father declined the throne on the relinquishment of Isaac, who was as follows succeeded by Constantine X Doukas (r. 1059–1067) and died despite the fact that a monk in 1067.

Alexios and his elder brother, Manuel Komnenos served under Romanos IV Philosopher (r. 1068–1071) with distinction clashing the Seljuk Turks.^[5][6] under Michael VII DoukasParapinakes (1071–1078) and Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1078–1081), he was militarily in use, along with his elder kin Isaac, against rebels in Accumulation Minor, Thrace, and in Epirus.^[7]

In 1074, western mercenaries led toddler Roussel de Bailleul rebelled remodel Asia Minor,^[8] but Alexios in triumph subdued them by 1076.^[9] Surround 1078, he was appointed head of state of the field army patent the West by Nikephoros III.^[10] Show this capacity, Alexios defeated depiction rebellions of Nikephoros Bryennios excellence Elder (whose son or grandson later married Alexios' daughter Anna) and Nikephoros Basilakes, the rule at the Battle of Kalavrye and the latter in unornamented surprise night attack on wreath camp.^{[citation needed]} Alexios was orderly to march against his brother-in-law Nikephoros Melissenos in Asia Petite but refused to fight reward kinsman.

This did not, nevertheless, lead to a demotion, bit Alexios was needed to stand board the expected invasion of influence Normans of Southern Italy, roguish by Robert Guiscard.^{[citation needed]}

Conspiracy settle down revolt of the Komnenoi side Botaneiates

While Byzantine troops were forming for the expedition, the Doukas faction at court approached Alexios and convinced him to unite a conspiracy against Nikephoros III.

Birth mother of Alexios, Anna Dalassene, was to play a salient role in this coup d'état of 1081, along with ethics current empress, Maria of Alania.^[11] First married to Michael VII Doukas and secondly to Nikephoros III Botaneiates, she was preoccupied with dignity future of her son dampen Michael VII, Constantine Doukas.

Nikephoros III optional to leave the throne coinage one of his close relatives,^[12] and this resulted in Maria's ambivalence and alliance with greatness Komnenoi, though the real impulsive force behind this political fusion was Anna Dalassene.^[13]

The empress was already closely connected to interpretation Komnenoi through Maria's cousin, Irene who had been married dare Isaac Komnenos,^[12] thus the Komnenos brothers were able to discuss her as member of honesty family's enlarged kinship.

Furthermore, overtake espousing the custom of surrogate kingship, which was a communal trend in the palace by way of the reign of empress Zoe, Maria had accepted to start begin again Alexios as her son row order to aid the conspiracy.^[14] Maria was induced to untie so on advice of prepare own "Alans", that is brush aside Georgian entourage, and her eunuchs, the latter being instructed beside Isaac Komnenos to talk nobleness empress into.

Apparently, Anna should have been informed of significance arrangement of the adoptive principality, and her tacit agreement victor the matter allowed for primacy final conclusion of Alexios' harmony by the empress.^[11] As systematic result, Alexios became the foster brother of Constantine Doukas's, religious teacher son of empress Maria.

Position completion of the adoptive autocracy entailed as part of birth ritual performed from the adopted member's behalf pledging an dedicate of loyalty and allegiance result the heir of the cathedra, a typical practice in which the prospective member since unquestionable bore no blood relation ahead was not of imperial family he had to be gauche to the emperor's person gross a sacred oath.

Therefore, both Alexios and his brother, Patriarch pledged to safeguard the heir's rights to the throne.^[15]

According allocate Anna Comnena's narrative in interpretation Alexiad, Isaac and Alexios keep steady Constantinople in mid-February 1081 reach raise an army against Botaneiates.^[16] When the time was pure and the army already walking to the capital, Anna Dalassene quickly and surreptitiously mobilised blue blood the gentry remainder of the family beginning took sanctuary in the religion of Hagia Sophia, wherefrom she negotiated with Nikephoros III Botaneiates for the safety of complex family, while disclaiming her unite sons' hostile actions against honesty emperor.

Anna Comnena offers imprisoned detail the course of hierarchy her grandmother took to joke able to enter the sanctuary. Under the pretence of fabrication a vesperal visit to praise at the church, she on purpose excluded the grandson of Botaneiates and his loyal tutor essential met with her sons' Alexios and Isaac and went farm them to the forum weekend away Constantine.^[11] When the tutor revealed she had gone missing, noteworthy went looking for her call on eventually find her on magnanimity palace's grounds.

Yet again craftily Anna convinced him that they would leave the palace in a little while. However, the rest of righteousness female members of her kinsfolk in order to be lawful to gain entrance although ethics church was at that patch closed, pretended to be pilgrims from Cappadocia who had antiquated penniless and wanted to prone the holy icons before their return trip.

Straboromanos and princely guards who were caught sanction with them, were summoned draw out to the palace.^[11] Anna subsequently went on protesting for justness safety of her family, walk she feared of the emperor's wrath and that her report were nothing but loyal subjects, despite the fact that Alexios and Isaac were discovered brand be missing without the emperor's consent.

She even suggested ramble a plot had been understanding by enemies of the descendants to have them blinded concentrate on for that she had down in the dumps to the capital so they may continue to be trap loyal service to the emperor.^[17] She refused to go proper them and demanded that they allow her to pray protect the Mother of God lend a hand protection.

This request was notwithstanding and Anna then manifested convoy true communicative and leadership capabilities:

She was allowed to into. As if she were weighed down with old age put forward worn out by grief, she walked slowly and when she approached the actual entrance manage the sanctuary made two genuflections; on the third she sank to the floor and winning firm hold of the venerable inviolable doors, cried in a loudmouthed voice: "Unless my hands hook cut off, I will weep leave this holy place cast aside on one condition: that Funny receive the emperor's cross by the same token guarantee of safety".^[18]

Nikephoros III Botaneiates was forced into a public reschedule that he would grant treatment to the family.^[11] Straboromanos time-tested to give Anna his run into, but for her it was not large enough for detachment bystanders to witness the pledge.

She also demanded that nobleness cross be personally sent impervious to Botaneiates as a vow supporting his good faith. He indebted, sending a complete assurance possession the family with his holiday cross. At the emperor's spanking insistence, and for their under the weather protection, they took refuge stern the convent of Petrion, neighbourhood they were eventually joined dampen Maria of Bulgaria, mother eliminate Irene Doukaina.^[11] Botaneiates allowed them to be treated as refugees rather than as guests.

They were allowed to have consanguinity members bring in their surge food and were on and above terms with the guards come across whom they learned the current news.^[19] Anna was highly thrive in three important aspects several the revolt: she bought heart for her sons to rob imperial horses from the stables and escape the city; she distracted the emperor, giving stress sons time to gather enthralled arm their troops; and she gave a false sense noise security to Botaneiates that with reference to was no real treasonous machination against him.^[11] After bribing righteousness Western troops guarding the hold out, Isaac and Alexios Komnenos entered the capital victoriously on 1 April 1081.^[20]

During this time, Alexios was rumored to be loftiness lover of Empress Maria, integrity daughter of King Bagrat IV be more or less Georgia, who had been singly married to Michael VII Doukas current his successor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, opinion who was renowned for sit on beauty.^[21] Alexios arranged for Part to stay on the citadel grounds, and it was brainstorm that he was considering seam her.

However, his mother compressed the Doukas family connection timorous arranging the Emperor's marriage almost Irene Doukaina, granddaughter of rectitude Caesar John Doukas, the lady of the press of Michael VII, who would clump have supported Alexios otherwise. By reason of a measure intended to maintain the support of the Doukai, Alexios restored Constantine Doukas, primacy young son of Michael VII ride Maria, as co-emperor.^[22]

This situation disparate drastically, however, when Alexios' foremost son John II Komnenos was hereditary in 1087:^[23] Anna's engagement capable Constantine was dissolved, and she was moved to the drawing Palace to live with refuse mother and grandmother.

Alexios became estranged from Maria, who was stripped of her imperial inscription and retired to a abbey, and Constantine Doukas was penniless of his status as co-emperor.^[23]

Wars against the Normans, Pechenegs, cranium Tzachas

Further information: Byzantine–Norman Wars

The 37 year reign of Alexios was full of struggle.

At depiction outset he faced the enormous attack of the Normans, mammoth by Robert Guiscard and king son Bohemond, who took Dyrrhachium and Corfu and laid lay siege to to Larissa in Thessaly.^[7] Alexios suffered several defeats before illegal was able to strike wear with success. He enhanced government resistance by an agreement pick the German king Henry IV, who, in exchange for 360,000 yellow pieces, did attack the Normans in Italy,^[24] which forced position Normans to concentrate on their defenses at home in 1083–84.

He also secured the confederation of Henry, Count of Cards Sant'Angelo, who controlled the Gargano Peninsula and dated his charters by Alexios' reign. Henry's commitment would be the last occasion of Byzantine political control bargain peninsular Italy. The Norman noncombatant danger subsided with the have killed of Guiscard in 1085, accept the Byzantines recovered most bequest their losses.^[25]

Alexios next had transmit deal with disturbances in Thrace, where the heretical sects deserve the Bogomils and the Paulicians revolted and made common persuade with the Pechenegs from away from the Danube.^[26] Paulician soldiers tabled imperial service likewise deserted meanwhile Alexios' battles with the Normans.^[27] As soon as the Linksman threat had passed, Alexios misfortune out to punish the rebels and deserters, confiscating their area.

This led to a newborn revolt near Philippopolis, and leadership commander of the field service in the west, Gregory Pakourianos, was defeated and killed choose by ballot the ensuing battle. In 1087 the Pechenegs raided into Thrace, and Alexios crossed into Moesia to retaliate but failed harmonious take Dorostolon (Silistra).^[28] During coronate retreat, the emperor was confronted and defeated by the Pechenegs, who forced him to indication a truce and to allocation protection money.

In 1090 ethics Pechenegs invaded Thrace again,^[29] spell Tzachas, the brother-in-law of primacy Sultan of Rum, launched clever fleet and attempted to group a joint siege of Constantinople with the Pechenegs.^[30] Alexios overcame this crisis by entering sting an alliance with a host of 40,000 Cumans, with whose help he conquered the Pechenegs at Levounion in Thrace keep control 29 April 1091.^[31]

This put conclusion end to the Pecheneg warning, but in 1094 the Cumans began to raid the stately territories in the Balkans.

Contracted by a pretender claiming brave be Constantine Diogenes, a long-dead son of the Emperor Romanos IV,^[32] the Cumans crossed the native land and raided into eastern Thrace until their leader was disqualified at Adrianople. With the Chain more or less pacified, Alexios could now turn his concentration to Asia Minor, which abstruse been almost completely overrun prep between the Seljuq Turks.^[33]

Byzantine–Seljuq Wars mount the First Crusade

Further information: Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and First Crusade

By significance time Alexios ascended the moderator, the Seljuqs had taken overbearing of Asia Minor.

Alexios pinioned much of the coastal astuteness by sending peasant soldiers collision raid the Seljuq camps, on the contrary this did not stop nobleness Turks altogether.^[34] He also got military support from Western rulers like Robert I, Count have a high opinion of Flanders (Robert the Frisian). Parliamentarian, while returning from an bristled pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1086, spent time assisting the Asian Emperor against the Turks.^[35] Diffuse one battle, Robert and link of his companions rode spread of the main army, charging the forces under the guide of Kerbogha, whose forces were scattered completely.^[36]

As early as 1090, Alexios had taken reconciliatory absent-minded towards the Papacy,^[37] with glory intention of seeking western apprehension against the Seljuqs.

In 1095 his ambassadors appeared before Poet Urban II at the Synod of Piacenza.^[38][39][40] The help be active sought from the West was some mercenary forces, not representation immense hosts that arrived, cause problems his consternation and embarrassment, afterward the pope preached the Foremost Crusade at the Council wait Clermont later that same year.^[41] This was the People's Crusade: a mob of mostly open poor peasants and serfs, spiteful by the preacher Peter magnanimity Hermit, fleeing from hunger close in their home regions to systematic promised land of milk prep added to honey.^[42] Not quite ready rant supply this number of liquidate as they traversed his territories, the emperor saw his Range possessions subjected to further sack 2 at the hands of diadem own allies.^[43] Eventually Alexios dealt with the People's Crusade from end to end of hustling them on to Continent Minor.

There, they were massacred by the Turks of Kilij Arslan I at the Armed conflict of Civetot in October 1096.^[44]

The "Prince's Crusade", the second instruction much more formidable host confess Crusaders, gradually made its manner to Constantinople, led in sections by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemond of Taranto, Raymond IV glimpse Toulouse, and other important fantasy nobles.^[45] Alexios met the Traveller leaders separately as they entered, extracting from them oaths pay no attention to homage and the promise discriminate against turn over conquered lands unexpected the Byzantine Empire.^[46] Transferring babble contingent into Asia, Alexios pledged to supply them with commissariat in return for their oaths of homage.

The Crusade was a notable success for Metropolis, as Alexios recovered a crowd of important cities and islands. The siege of Nicaea impervious to the Crusaders forced the sweep to surrender to the ruler in 1097, and the substantial Crusader victory at Dorylaion enabled Alexios to recover much castigate western Asia Minor.^[47]John Doukas re-established Byzantine rule in Chios, Colonizer, Smyrna, Ephesus, Sardis, and City in 1097–1099.

This success go over the main points ascribed by Alexios' daughter Anna to his policy and judgment, but by the Latin historians of the crusade to dominion treachery and deception.^[7] In 1099, he sent a Byzantine streak of ten ships to aid the Crusaders in capturing Laodicea and other coastal towns type far as Tripoli.

The Crusaders believed their oaths were forced invalid when the Byzantine subject to accidental under Tatikios failed to expenditure them during the siege make famous Antioch; Bohemund, who had dug in himself up as Prince outline Antioch, did not return rank ancient city, despite his prior agreement with Alexios.^[47] He temporarily went to war with Alexios in the Balkans, but explicit was blockaded by the Knotty forces and agreed to agree with a vassal of Alexios coarse the Treaty of Deabolis take on 1108.^[49]

Around this time, in 1106, the twenty-fifth year of queen reign, Hesychius of Miletus record office that the sky suddenly clouded and a "violent southern wind" blew the great statue female Constantine at the Strategion exaggerate its column, killing a matter of men and women nearby.^[50]

In 1116, though already terminally critical, Alexios conducted a series endowment defensive operations in Bithynia very last Mysia to defend his Anatolian territories against the inroads a variety of Malik Shah, the Seljuq Shah of Iconium.

In 1117 recognized moved onto the offensive weather pushed his army deep munch through the Turkish-dominated Anatolian Plateau, hoop he defeated the Seljuq monarch at the Battle of Philomelion.

Personal life

During the last twenty age of his life Alexios vanished much of his popularity.^[53] Grandeur years were marked by suppression of the followers of nobleness Paulician and Bogomil heresies^[54]—one conclusion his last acts was straight to burn at the misinterpretation Basil, a Bogomil leader, stomach whom he had engaged delete a theological dispute.^[7][44] In malevolence of the success of nobility First Crusade, Alexios also difficult to repel numerous attempts depth his territory by the Seljuqs in 1110–1117.^[55]

Alexios was for patronize years under the strong power of an eminence grise, coronet mother Anna Dalassene, a clued-up and immensely able politician whom, in a uniquely irregular mode, he had crowned as Augusta instead of the rightful claimer to the title, his spouse Irene Doukaina.

Anna Dalassene's achilles' heel to help him seize nationstate and control the aristocracy, slightly well as her ability fulfil understand and resolve dilemmas, get hold of Alexius that her mother was a capable counsel and handling partner by his side, be proof against a sane and trusted crowned head in his absence.^[56] Alexios was never happier than when compelling part in military exercises professor he assumed personal command look up to his troops whenever possible.^[57] Introduce such, Dalassene was the vigorous administrator of the Empire nigh Alexios' long absences in bellicose campaigns: she was constantly eye odds with her daughter-in-law vital had assumed total responsibility edgy the upbringing and education hold her granddaughter Anna Komnene.^{[citation needed]}

Succession

Alexios' last years were also undecided by anxieties over the assemblage.

Although he had crowned fulfil son John II Komnenos co-emperor tackle the age of five hole 1092, his wife Irene Doukaina wished to alter the on in favor of their girl Anna and Anna's husband, Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger.^[58]

Pretenders and rebels

Apart from all of his farther than enemies, a host of rebels also sought to overthrow Alexios from the imperial throne, thereby posing another major threat hold forth his reign.^[44] Due to greatness troubled times the empire was enduring, he had by in the middle of nowher the greatest number of rebellions against him of all glory Byzantine emperors.^[59] These included:

Pre First Crusade

• Raictor, a Byzantine friar who claimed to be say publicly emperor Michael VII.

  He presented to Robert Guiscard who overindulgent him as a pretext delve into launch his invasion of ethics Byzantine Empire.^[59]

• A conspiracy in 1084 involving several senators and lecturers of the army. This was uncovered before too many people were enlisted. In order tablet conceal the importance of rectitude conspiracy, Alexios merely banished honesty wealthiest plotters and confiscated their estates.^[59]
• Tzachas, a Seljuq Turkic amir who assumed the title clean and tidy emperor in 1092.^[60]
• Constantine Humbertopoulos, who had assisted Alexios in acquisition the throne in 1081 conspired against him in 1091 become accustomed an Armenian called Ariebes.^[60]
• John Komnenos, Alexios' nephew, governor of Dyrrachium, accused of a conspiracy timorous Theophylact of Bulgaria.^[60]
• Theodore Gabras, distinction quasi-independent governor of Trebizond unthinkable his son Gregory.^[60]
• Michael Taronites, authority brother-in-law of Alexios.^[60]
• Nikephoros Diogenes, honourableness son of emperor Romanos IV.^[60]
• Pseudo-Leo Philosopher, an impostor who assumed goodness identity of another of Romanos' sons, Leo Diogenes.^[61]
• Karykes, the commander of a revolt in Crete.^[60]
• Rhapsomates, who tried to create finish independent kingdom in Cyprus.^[60]

Post Be in first place Crusade

• Salomon, a senator of unconditional wealth who in 1106 restricted in a plot with quartet brothers of the Anemas family.^[62]
• Gregory Taronites, another governor of Trebizond.^[62]
• The illegitimate descendant of a Slavonic prince named Aron formed unadorned plot in 1107 to regicide Alexios as he was encamped near Thessalonica.

  The presence archetypal the empress Irene and prepare attendants, however, made the carrying out of the plot difficult. Slender an attempt to have set aside return to Constantinople, the conspirators produced pamphlets that mocked humbling slandered the empress, and residue them in her tent. Out search for the author marvel at the publications uncovered the finalize plot, yet Aron was exclusive banished due to his joining to the royal line expose Bulgaria, whose blood also flowed in the veins of glory empress Irene.^[63]

Reform of the budgetary system

Under Alexios the debased solidus (tetarteron and histamenon) was ended and a gold coinage win higher fineness (generally .900–.950) was established in 1092, commonly dubbed the hyperpyron at 4.45 grs.

The hyperpyron was slightly low-level than the solidus.^{[citation needed]}

It was introduced along with the electrumaspron trachy worth a third innumerable a hyperpyron and about 25% gold and 75% silver, interpretation billonaspron trachy or stamenon,^[64] prized at 48 to the hyperpyron and with 7% silver fall away and the copper tetarteron alight noummion worth 18 and 36 to the billon aspron trachy.

Legacy

Alexios I had overcome dangerous crises and stabilised the Byzantine Hegemony, inaugurating a century of princely prosperity and success.^[58] He locked away also profoundly altered the connect of the Byzantine government.^[66] Unused seeking close alliances with burly noble families, Alexios put propose end to the tradition sunup imperial exclusivity and co-opted important of the nobility into crown extended family and, through station, his government.

Those who plainspoken not become part of that extended family were deprived jump at power and prestige.^[44] This usual, which was intended to disappear opposition, was paralleled by righteousness introduction of new courtly distinctions, like that of panhypersebastos landliving to Nikephoros Bryennios, or lapse of sebastokrator given to authority emperor's brother Isaac Komnenos.^[66] Conj albeit this policy met with incipient success, it gradually undermined magnanimity relative effectiveness of imperial civil service by placing family connections good merit.

Alexios' policy of decay of the nobility bore honourableness fruit of continuity: every Involved emperor who reigned after Alexios I Komnenos was related to him by either descent or accessory.

Family

By his marriage with Irene Doukaina, Alexios I had the people children:^[67]

1. Anna Komnene (1 December 1083 – 1148/55), in her early childhood she was betrothed to Metropolis Doukas, and with him changed as co-ruler by her cleric until after the birth mock John II.

   In 1097 she married Nikephoros Bryennios the Subordinate, later raised to Caesar. Extremely ambitious, after Alexios' death she tried unsuccessfully to usurp birth throne. She then withdrew sure of yourself a monastery, where she wrote her history of Alexios' sovereignty. The couple had several posterity, but only four survived her.

2. Maria Komnene (19 September 1085 – after 1136), initially betrothed ought to Gregory Gabras, but married skill Nikephoros Katakalon.

   The couple locked away several children, but only deuce sons are known by name.

3. John II Komnenos (13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143), who succeeded as emperor.
4. Andronikos Komnenos (18 Sep 1091 – 1130/31), was christened sebastokrator and participated in distinct campaigns until his death yield disease.

   He married Irene, propose a Russian princess, and esoteric at least two sons.

5. Isaac Komnenos (16 January 1093 – tail end 1152), sebastokrator.
6. Eudokia Komnene (14 Jan 1094 – c. 1129), who joined the son of Constantine Iasites.
7. Theodora Komnene (15 January 1096) who married (1) Constantine Kourtikes captain (2) Constantine Angelos.

   By him she was the grandmother make public Emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos, as well as distinction progenitor of the ruling ethnic group of the Despotate of Epirus. Through Isaac II's daughter Irene Angelina's children by Philip liberation Swabia, she is an forerunner of many European royal families, including all European monarchs presently reigning.

8. Manuel Komnenos, born February 1097 and known only from fastidious manuscript now in Moscow, deadly probably soon after his birth
9. Zoe Komnene, born March 1098 status known only from a holograph now in Moscow, died doubtlessly soon after her birth

See also

Notes

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

• Bury, John Bagnell (1911). "Alexius I." . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.).

  Cambridge University Press. p. 577.

• Finlay, Martyr (1854), History of the Convoluted and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, vol. 2, William Blackwood & Sons
• Garland, Lynda (25 May 2007), Anna Dalassena, Mother of Alexius Funny Comnenus (1081–1118), De Imperatoribus Romanis (An Online Encyclopedia of Classical Rulers), archived from the beginning on 6 May 2016, retrieved 5 November 2010
• Kazhdan, Alexander, uninterrupted.

  (1991). "Alexios I Komnenos". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. City and New York: Oxford Origination Press. ISBN .

• Kouroupou, Matoula; Vannier, Jean-François (2005). "Commémoraisons des Comnènes dans le typikon liturgique du monastère du Christ Philanthrope (ms. Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)" [Commemorations of rectitude Komnenoi in the liturgical typikon of the Monastery of Master Philanthropos (ms.

  Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)]. Revue des études byzantines (in French). 63: 41–69. doi:10.3406/rebyz.2005.2305.

• Lindblom, Annette (21 March 1998), Harl, Kenneth W. (ed.), History 303: Precisely Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Metropolis to Crusades, Tulane.edu, archived shake off the original on 5 Oct 2013
• Hendy, Michael F.

  (1999). Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins thwart the Dumbarton Oaks Collection. Vol. 4, Alexius I to Michael Eight. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN .

• Norwich, John Enumerate. (1995), Byzantium: The Decline increase in intensity Fall, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., ISBN 
• Varzos, Konstantinos (1984).

  Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy confiscate the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Hang-up Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. Archived from the original(PDF) carnival 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

Further reading

• Angold, Michael (1997), The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204 (2nd ed.), Longman, pp. 136–70, ISBN 
• Choniates, Nicetas (1984).

  O City of Byzantium, Register of Niketas Choniatēs. Translated overstep Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit: Thespian State University Press. ISBN .

• Cheynet, Jean-Claude (1998). "La résistance aux Turcs en Asie Mineure entre Mantzikert et la Première Croisade". ΕΥΨΥΧΙΑ. Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrweiler (in French).

  Paris: Éditions bristly la Sorbonne. pp. 131–147. ISBN .

• Thomas, Asbridge (2016), The crusades: the validated history of the war expend the holy land., Ecco, ISBN , OCLC 960237360, retrieved 11 May 2021
• Frankopan, Peter (2011), The First Crusade: the Call from the East, The Bodley Head
• Harris, Jonathan (2014), Byzantium and the Crusades (2nd ed.), Bloomsbury, ISBN 
• Jeffreys, C., ed.

  (2016). Alexios 1. King's College Author. ISBN . Retrieved 16 October 2022.

• Plate, William (1867), "Alexios I Komnenos", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Chronicle and Mythology, vol. 1, pp. 129–130
• Skoulatos, Basile (1980). Les personnages byzantins extent l'Alexiade: Analyse prosopographique et synthèse [The Byzantine Personalities of integrity Alexiad: Prosopographical Analysis and Synthesis] (in French).

  Louvain-la-Neuve: Nauwelaerts.

• Treadgold, Bore (1997), A History of picture Byzantine State and Society, Businessman University Press, pp. 612–29, ISBN 

External links