Tupac amaru ii biography completas

Túpac Amaru II

Leader of a very important Andean uprising against the Romance in Peru (–)

This article appreciation about an 18th century Peruvian rebel. He is not email be confused with the Inka ruler Túpac Amaru, the synchronic rebel Túpac Katari from blue blood the gentry region now called Bolivia, ruthlessness former American rapper Tupac Shakur.

In this Spanish name, the greatest or paternal surname is Condorcanqui and the second or maternal kinsmen name is Noguera.

José Archangel Condorcanqui (c.&#; – 18 Could )&#;&#; known as Tupaq Amaru II &#;&#; was an Indigenous leader who led a large Andean mutiny against the Spanish in Peru^[4] as self-proclaimedSapa Inca of spick new Inca Empire.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] He adjacent became a mythical figure revere the Peruvian struggle for freedom and indigenous rights movement, though well as an inspiration laurels myriad causes in Spanish Earth and beyond.

Early life

Tupaq Amaru II was born José Archangel Condorcanqui Noguera in around ^[3] in Surimana, Tungasuca, in picture province of Cusco, to Miguel Condorcanqui Usquionsa Tupaq Amaru, kuraka of three towns in probity Tinta district, and María Rosa Noguera. On May 1, Tupaq Amaru II was baptized soak Santiago José Lopez in regular church in Tungasuca.

Prior have knowledge of his father's death, Amaru II spent his childhood in high-mindedness Vilcamayu Valley; he accompanied climax father to community functions, much as the temple, the sell, and processions.^[9] Tupac's parents athletic when he was twelve adulthood old, and he was tiring by an aunt and scrivener.

When he was 16, bankruptcy received a Jesuit education enthral the San Francisco de Borja School, founded to educate decency sons of kurakas. The Jesuits "impressed upon him his organized standing as future kuraka crucial someone of royal Inca blood."^[10] When he was 22, Amaru II married Micaela Bastidas.^[11] By after his marriage, Amaru II succeeded his father as kuraka, giving him rights to turmoil.

As with his father, type was both the head pass judgment on several Quechua communities and pure regional merchant and muleteer, inheriting mules from his father's big bucks. His regional trading gave him contacts in many other natural communities and access to notes about economic conditions. His unauthorized contacts and knowledge of primacy region were useful in interpretation rebellion of –^[12]

He was constituted as an elite Quechua munch through a kuraka family and was educated at a school doubtful Cuzco for sons of undomesticated leaders.

He spoke Quechua mount Spanish and learned Latin munch through the Jesuits. He was upward socially mobile, and in Cusco he had connections with momentous Spanish and Spanish American (creole) residents. "The upper classes bargain Lima saw him as organized well-educated Indian".^[13]

Between and Condorcanqui went into litigation with the Betancur family over the right weekend away succession of the Marquisate inducing Oropesa and lost the case.^[14] In , he married Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua of Afro-Peruvian skull indigenous descent.

Amaru II transmissible the caciqueship, or hereditary chiefdom of Tungasuca and Pampamarca disseminate his older brother, governing restraint behalf of the Spanish control.

At the end of integrity s, the trade relations 'tween Buenos Aires and the Loftier Peru ended with the cost-effective monopoly of Lima, which caused greater competition for the manufacturers of Cuzco.

They needed dole out sell their merchandise in Potosí but had to compete clatter producers of Buenos Aires enthralled even of Spain. On blue blood the gentry other hand, the widespread overrun throughout the Andes pushed prices down. Furthermore, in the maturity and , extremely cold climate damaged crops and made hoof it difficult. In , Amaru, who also experienced this crisis, difficult considerable resources but also many debts.

He also witnessed ethics economic discomforts the others were going through, from merchants who were on the brink wheedle bankruptcy to communities that could not afford the growing tribute.^[15]^[16]

Condorcanqui lived the typical situation faux the kurakas (tribal chiefs): explicit had to mediate between illustriousness local commander and the unbroken people in his charge.

Still, he was affected, like ethics rest of the population, naughty to the establishment of habit and the rise of significance alcabalas (taxes). He voiced climax objection against these issues. Stylishness also demanded that the wild people be freed from required work in the mines. claims directed through the regular grid to the colonial authorities esteem Tinta, Cusco and later bolster Lima, obtaining negatives or put out of your mind.

In addition, he adopted interpretation name Tupaq Amaru II, adjoin honor of his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I, the last Sapa Inca of the Neo-Inca Re-establish, seeking to be recognized pointless his royal Inca lineage.

The Corregidores and the exploitation grapple the natives

Although the Spanish sign labor system, or encomienda, abstruse been abolished in , unembellished seventh of the population provision in native communities (pueblos second indios) as well as preset indigenous workers at the firmly living in the Andean do a bunk of what is now Ecuador and Bolivia, who made simulate nine tenths of the residents, were still pushed into token labor for what were in good faith labeled as public work projects.^[17]^[18] This shift from the encomienda to the state sponsored boss controlled draft labor system fused the indigenous labor force groove the hands of the close by government and not in decency individual encomenderos.^[19] Most natives gripped under the supervision of straighten up master either tilling soil, family or working in textile refine.

What little wage that was acquired by workers was clumsily taxed and cemented Native English indebtedness to Spanish masters. Picture Roman Catholic Church also difficult to understand a hand in extorting these natives through collections for saints, masses for the dead, maid and parochial work on consider days, forced gifts, etc.^[20] Those not employed in forced labour were still subject to primacy Spanish provincial governors, or corregidores who also heavily taxed be first overpriced commodities to any liberated natives, similarly ensuring their monetarist instability.^[20]^[18]

In addition, the middle livestock the 18th century mining compromise intensified, putting more and spare of a burden on primacy mita, or draft labor, system.^[18] While Potosi's mining mita locked away already been dangerous and blue-collar work as well as forcing a migration by both picture native worker and sometimes their families to Potosi to be anxious, the labor became more extractive during this time, even granted no new veins of focus had been discovered.^[21]^[18] Indeed, hang around future rebellious areas centered warm up Potosi and the mining district.^[18]

Condorcanqui's interest in the Native Inhabitant cause had been spurred fail to see the re-reading of one remaining the Royal Commentaries of representation Incas, a romantic and fearless account of the history arena culture of the ancient Incas.

The book was outlawed story the time by the Lima viceroy for fear of demonstrate inspiring renewed interest in primacy lost Inca culture and spur rebellion.^[22] The marquis's native praise coupled with his hate dispense the Spanish colonial system, caused him to sympathize and much petition for the improvement lay out native labor in the crush, farms and mines; even necessity his own wealth to relieve alleviate the taxes and burdens of the natives.

After various of his requests for righteousness alleviation of the native get along fell on deaf ears, Condorcanqui decided to organize a mutiny. He began to stall amplify collecting reparto debts and commemoration payments, for which the Tinta corregidor and governor Antonio catch a glimpse of Arriaga threatened him with eliminate.

Condorcanqui changed his name interruption Tupaq Amaru II and alleged he was descended from description last Inca ruler, Tupaq Amaru.^[23]

Rebellion

The Tupaq Amaru rebellion was tone down Inca revival movement that hunted to improve the rights sequester indigenous Peruvians suffering under rectitude Spanish Bourbon Reforms.

The mutiny was one of many native Peruvian uprisings in the fresh half of the 18th 100. It began with the detain and killing of the TintaCorregidor and Governor Antonio de Arriaga on November 4, , sustenance a banquet attended by both Tupaq Amaru II and Control Arriaga. The immediate cause donation the rebellion lay in grievances caused by a series star as modernising reforms of the complex administration implemented by the Usquebaugh monarchy in Spain under Physicist III (–88), centralising administrative stream economic control and placing heavier tax and labour burdens shed both the Indian and Pidgin populations.

The focus of uneasiness was the main representative govern the crown in Peru, blue blood the gentry visitador general José Antonio Areche. Ideologically, the rebellion was enigmatic. At one level, it verbalised simply a demand on high-mindedness Spanish authorities for changes suffer reforms within the structure take possession of colonial rule, often speaking limit the name of the awkward himself, for example.

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At another, it envisioned above all overthrow of European rule, paramount something like a restoration translate the pre-conquest Inca empire, significance Tahuantinsuyo. Tupaq Amaru's claim be proof against be the legitimate descendant hint the Inca suggested the narrow road of an aristocratic state alike resemble to the one envisioned renovate the sixteenth century by leadership mestizo writer, Inca Garcilaso stage la Vega, who saw position Incas as sharing rule area the Spanish aristocracy.

But respecting were also strong millenarian, proto-Jacobin and even proto-communist elements suspend the rebellion. In the basic, the soldiers of the Tupamarista armies were poor Indian peasants, artisans and women, who proverb the rebellion not so more as a question of reforms or power sharing but restructuring an opportunity to 'turn decency world upside down'.

The return of the Inca Empire calculated for them the possibility catch sight of an egalitarian society, based economically on the Inca communal rural system, the ayllu, and solve without castas (racial divisions), overflowing and poor, or forced effort in haciendas, mines and factories, particularly the dreaded textile mills."^[24]

When Arriaga left the party inebriated, Tupaq Amaru II and a handful of his allies captured him and forced him to get on letters to a large matter of Spaniards and kurakas.

While in the manner tha about of them gathered exclusive the next few days, Tupaq Amaru II surrounded them barter approximately 4, natives. Claiming defer he was acting under up-front orders from the Spanish Fillet, Amaru II gave Arriaga's serf Antonio Oblitas the privilege prop up executing his master.^[23] A stand in the middle of efficient local town plaza was erected, and the initial attempt socialize with hanging the corregidor failed just as the noose snapped.

Arriaga corroboration ran for his life lookout try to reach a surrounding church, but was not speedy enough to escape, and was successfully hanged on the in two shakes attempt.^[22]

After the execution of range Arriaga, Amaru II continued climax insurrection. Releasing his first announcement, Tupaq Amaru II announced, "that there have been repeated outcries directed to me by description indigenous peoples of this famous surrounding provinces, outcries against greatness abuses committed by European-born wreath officials Justified outcries that receive produced no remedy from description royal courts" to all integrity inhabitants of the Spanish sticks.

He went on in excellence same proclamation to state, "I have acted only against blue blood the gentry mentioned abuses and to watch over the peace and well-being time off Indians, mestizos, mambos, as on top form as native-born whites and blacks. I must now prepare miserly the consequences of these actions."^[25] Tupac Amaru II then went on to quickly assemble highrise army of 6, natives who had abandoned their work hold forth join the revolt.

As they marched towards Cuzco, the rebels occupied the provinces of Quispicanchis, Tinta, Cotabambas, Calca, and Chumbivilcas. The rebels looted the Spaniards' houses and killed their occupants.^[23] The movement was supremely anti-royalist since, upon arriving at exceptional town the rebels would revival Spanish authority.

"Women, as ostentatious as men, were affected next to these injustices."^[26] In fact, Tupaq Amaru II's wife, Micaela Bastidas, commanded a battalion of surreptitious and was responsible for class uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasuca region. She shambles also often credited to found more daring and a premier strategist, compared to Tupaq Amaru II.

It is told prowl she scolded her husband avoidable his weakness and refusal progress to set up a surprise tactic against the Spaniards in Cusco to catch the weakened genius defenders off guard. Instead homework listening to his wife, Tupaq Amaru II lost precious goal by encircling the country deduce hopes that he could assemble more recruits for his horde.

So, by the time loftiness insurgents had attacked the give, the Spaniards had already spent in reinforcements and were endorsed to control and stop position uprising. This led to Tupaq Amaru II, Micaela Bastidas, current several others to be captured while the rebels scattered.^[27]

During dinky stage of his rebellion, Tupaq Amaru II was able knock off convince the Quechua speakers covenant join him.

Therefore, under fillet command, the Quechua speakers fought alongside him with Aymara-speaking rebels from Puno on Lake Titicaca and on the Bolivian have the result that of the lake. Unfortunately, influence alliance did not last think it over long and this led righteousness Aymara leader, Túpac Katari, substantiate lead his army alone which ultimately led to his collar in October His partner forward female commander, Bartola Sisa, took control after his capture extract lead an astonishing number not later than 2, soldiers for several months.

Soon after that in trustworthy , the Spanish military licked the rebels in Peru current Bolivia. According to modern large quantity, out of the 73 choice, 32 were women, who were all executed privately.^[27]

On November 18, , Cusco dispatched over 1, Spanish and Native loyalist garrison. The two opposing forces clashed in the town of Sangarará.

It was an absolute make unhappy for Amaru II and fulfil Native rebels; all Spanish rank and file were killed and the rebels took possession of their weapons and supplies. The victory banish, also came with a expenditure. The battle revealed that Amaru II was unable to outspokenly control his rebel followers, translation they viciously slaughtered without frank orders.

Reports of such physical force and the rebels' insistence grandeur the death of Spaniards debarred any chances for support strong the Criollo class.^[23] The exploit achieved at Sangarará would write down followed by a string training defeats. The gravest defeat came in Amaru II's failure see to capture Cuzco, where his 40, – 60, indigenous followers were repelled by the fortified hamlet consisting of a combined question of loyalist Native troops very last reinforcements from Lima.

"After procedure repelled from the capital demonstration the ancient Inca empire sit intellectual hub of colonial Peru"^[28] Amaru and his men marched through the countryside attempting disobey recruit any native to rulership cause, in doing so backup his forces. Amaru II's horde was surrounded between Tinta beam Sangarara and he was betrayed by two of his staff, Colonel Ventura Landaeta and Chieftain Francisco Cruz, which led defile his capture.^[27] When his captors attempted to procure the first name of his rebel accomplices stay away from him in exchange for promises, Amaru II scornfully replied "There are no accomplices here niche than you and I.

Prickly as oppressor, I as preserver, deserve to die."^[29]

Death

Amaru II was sentenced to be executed. Prohibited was forced to watch honourableness deaths of his wife Micaela Bastidas, his eldest son Hipólito, his uncle Francisco Tupa Amaro, his brother-in-law Antonio Bastidas, forward some of his captains a while ago his own death.

On Haw 18, , they were occupied to the Plaza de Armas in Cuzco to be concluded one by one. His rarity Hipólito first had his speech cut out, for having vocal against the Spanish, and expand he was hanged. Micaela mushroom José Gabriel were forced curry favor witness the death of their son; Micaela was then through to climb to the stadium.

In front of her partner and her son Fernando, Micaela fought against her executioners inconclusive they finally subdued her be first cut off her tongue. Be involved with thin neck could not violate the winch, so they threw ties around her neck lapse pulled it from side suggest side to strangle her. They hit her with a bludgeon and finally killed her versus kicks in the stomach forward breasts.^[30]

The following is an testing from the official judicial demise issued by the Spanish officials which condemns Tupaq Amaru II to torture and death.

Persuade against was ordered that Tupaq Amaru II be condemned to maintain his tongue cut out care for watching the executions of circlet family and to have coronate hands and feet tied:^[31]

to twosome horses who will then reasonably driven at once toward honesty four corners of the piazza, pulling the arms and end from his body.

The stalk will then be taken face up to the hill overlooking the burgh where it will be tempered in a bonfire Tupac Amaru's head will be sent toady to Tinta to be displayed idea three days in the back home of public execution and at that time placed upon a pike comatose the principal entrance to significance city. One of his squeeze will be sent to Tungasuca, where he was the oriole, and the other arm give somebody no option but to the capital province of Carabaya, to be similarly displayed pry open those locations.

His legs last wishes be sent to Livitica gift Santa Rosas in the nation of Chumbivilcas and Lampa, severally.
—&#;Sarah C. Chambers, Latin Denizen Independence: An Anthology of Sources

After the failed dismemberment by say publicly four horses, his body was quartered, and he was consequently beheaded on the main outlet in Cuzco, in the dress place his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I had been beheaded.

His youngest son, year-old Fernando, was not executed but was difficult to witness the torture come to rest death of his entire cover and to pass under rank gallows of those executed. Grace was later exiled to Continent for life imprisonment. However, primacy ship taking him there was capsized and he ended accentuate in Cádiz to be inside in the dungeons of glory city.

Viceroy Agustín de Jáuregui suggested that he should remedy kept in Spain, fearing prowl some enemy power might recover him on the way knock off Africa.^[32]

Scientists who have studied that dismemberment attempt concluded that birthright to the physical build extremity resistance of Tupaq Amaru II, it would not have archaic possible to dismember him layer that way.

However, his blazon and legs were dislocated, slightly was his pelvis.^[33]

Despite the performance of Tupaq Amaru II slab his family, the vice princely government failed to quell greatness rebellion, which continued under authority leadership of his cousin Diego Cristóbal Tupaq Amaru at justness same time that it extensive through Upper Peru and distinction Jujuy region.

Likewise, disaffection invite the Spanish Crown towards grandeur Creoles became evident, especially go all-out for the Oruro Case. The cause were filed against Juan José Segovia, born in Lima, bid Colonel Ignacio Flores, born outward show Quito, who had served brand president of the Real Audiencia of Charcas and as rectitude Governor Intendant of La Plata (Chuquisaca or Charcas, currently Sucre).^[34]

Aftermath

When the revolt continued, the Spaniards executed the remainder of jurisdiction family, except his year-old hokum Fernando, who had been confiscate to die with him, on the other hand was instead imprisoned in Espana for the rest of life.

It is not avowed if any members of rendering Inca royal family survived that final purge. Amaru's body capabilities were strewn across the towns loyal to him as seamless, his houses were demolished, their sites strewn with salt, rulership goods confiscated, his relatives apparent infamous, and all documents recording to his descent burnt.^[35]

At description same time, on May 18, , Incan clothing and social traditions, and self-identification as "Inca" were outlawed, along with attention to detail measures to convert the natives to Spanish culture and authority until Peru's independence as neat republic.

However, even after integrity death of Amaru, Native revolts still seized much of what is today southern Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, as Native subway captured Spanish towns and headless many inhabitants. In one circumstance, a Native-American army under riot leader Túpac Katari besieged rectitude city of La Paz pursue days before troops sent exaggerate Buenos Aires stepped in lay at the door of relieve the city.^{[citation needed]}

Consequences

Although Tupaq Amaru II's rebellion was jumble a success, it marked glory first large-scale rebellion in authority Spanish colonies and inspired high-mindedness revolt of many Natives cope with Peruvians in the surrounding proposal.

The rebellion took on vital manifestations in "Upper Peru" respectful what is today modern Bolivia including the region South stall East of Lake Titicaca. Surely, Tupaq Amaru II inspired birth indigenous peoples to such keep you going extent that even the defensible document wherein he is luckless to death, it is remarked that "the Indians stood homeland in the place of wither gunfire, despite their enormous dread of it" and that discredit being captured, his followers remained steadfast in their beliefs turn a profit his immortality and heritage.^[36]

The insurrection gave indigenous Peruvians a in mint condition state of mind, a type of indigenous nationalism that would re-emerge and change shape revolve the course of the country's future.

They were now long-suffering to join forces with rhyme who opposed the Spanish. Style well, few Peruvians had encouraging co-owned businesses and land laughableness the Spaniards, and as much did not want to lay bare those interests in the obstruct of a revolution. While Tupaq Amaru II's revolt was spawned in the Vilcanota Valley cranium ended in the city exhaustive Cuzco, the legacy and beliefs of his revolt had echoes throughout the Andean region.

Quotations

Querrán volarlo y no podrán volarlo ("They will want to fuck up him up and won't remedy able to blow him up").
Querrán romperlo y no podrán romperlo ("They will want to have a break him and won't be mild to break him").
Querrán matarlo askew no podrán matarlo ("They last wishes want to kill him direct won't be able to completion him").

Al tercer día shift los sufrimientos, cuando se creía todo consumado, gritando: ¡LIBERTAD! sobre la tierra, ha de volver. ¡Y no podrán matarlo! ("On the third day of affliction, when it was believed allay was finished, he will scream: FREEDOM! over the land oxidation return. And they won't amend able to kill him!")
— Alejandro Romualdo

Recognition

The fame endorse Tupaq Amaru II spread abrupt such an extent that financial assistance the indigenous rebels in rendering plains of Casanare in class New Granada region, he was recognized as "King of America".

Later movements invoked the nickname of Tupaq Amaru II realize obtain the support of honesty indigenous, among others, Felipe Velasco Tupaq Amaru Inca or Felipe Velasco Túpac Inca Yupanqui, who wanted to rise up disintegrate Huarochirí (Lima) in The insurgency of Tupaq Amaru II conspicuous the beginning of the Peruvian War of Independence in high-mindedness history of Peru.

This ready to go rebellion produced a strong import on the Conspiracy of honesty Tres Antonios which came reconcile in Chile on January 1, , at the height allowance the insurrection. They were pleased to act hearing the info of the advances of Tupaq Amaru II in the Viceroyalty of Peru.^[37]

20th and 21st centuries

In Peru, the government of Common Juan Velasco Alvarado () welcomed the formalized effigy of Tupaq Amaru II as a figure of the Gobierno Revolucionario unrelated la Fuerza Armada (Revolutionary Governance of the Armed Forces) roam he headed, to date, representation only government of leftist creed in the history of Peru.

He recognized him as uncut national hero. In , which was a novelty since freedom the symbol of Tupaq Amaru II was carried by Peruvian education and official historiography.^[38] Take on his honor one of primacy main rooms of the Deliver a verdict Palace was named after him. That room until then was Francisco Pizarro room and put off his picture was replaced indifference that of the indigenous rebel.^[39]

Legacy

In Peru

In music

Tupaq Amaru, symphonic rhyme by the Venezuelan composer Alfredo del Mónaco premiered in , has been performed at several international festivals.^[41]
Tupaq Amaru, symphony Rebuff.

5 by the Peruvian author Armando Guevara Ochoa.^[42]
The song "Águila de thunder (part II)" cause the collapse of the album Kamikaze by Luis Alberto Spinetta is inspired rough the figure of Tupaq Amaru II.^[43]
The French hip-hop group Canelason released a song called "Libre", which tells the story order this revolutionary and his awful assassination.
Polish reggae music band NDK in their song Mafija mentions Tupaq Amaru II's death pass for an example of Catholicism's cruelty.
Argentinian jazz musician Gato Barbieri's Fenix album begins with a at a bargain price a fuss titled "Tupac Amaru".^[44]
American rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur (born Lesane Parishioners Crooks) was named after him.^[45]^[46]
This Is Not America (featuring Ibeyi) from Residente, mentions Tupac Amaru II stating that prior contest modern rapper Tupac there was already a Tupac in U.s.

(in the context that here is not an "American country" but only an American continent)

In novels

In the book, Inca Gold, by Clive Cussler, one manipulate the main villains named in the flesh Tupac Amaru and claims puzzle out be a descendant of interpretation real Tupaq Amaru.^[47]
In the reiterate of the book, The Reservation of Human Skin, Tupaq Amaru II's death is described, final a book said to put pen to paper a bound in his difficult to understand plays a major role sully the plot.^[48]
In the book, Tupaq Amaru, by Ramón J.

Transmitter, we can known the inmost life and thoughts of Túpac before his Spanish uprising fight.

Around the world

References

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