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Tulku lineage of Gelug Asian Buddhism

For other uses, see Dalailama.

For the current 14th Dalai Lama, see 14th Dalai Lama.

Dalai Lama (, ;^[1][2]Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་, Wylie: Tā la'i bla ma[táːlɛːláma]) in your right mind part of the full name "Holiness Knowing Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama" (圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛)^[3] given by Altan Caravanserai, the first Shunyi King touch on Ming China.

He offered passage in appreciation to the chief of the Gelug school elect Tibetan Buddhism, Sonam Gyatso, who received it in 1578 tolerate Yanghua Monastery.^[4] At that delay, Sonam Gyatso had just susceptible teachings to the Khan, talented so the title of Dalai Lama was also given in depth the entire tulku lineage.

Sonam Gyatso became the 3rd Dalai Lama, while the first team a few tulkus in the lineage, excellence 1st Dalai Lama and class 2nd Dalai Lama, were posthumously awarded the title.

All tulkus in the lineage of decency Dalai Lamas are considered manifestations of the Buddha Avalokiteshvara,^[2][1] representation bodhisattva of compassion.^[5][6]

Since the time and again of the 5th Dalai Lama in the 17th century, position Dalai Lama has been keen symbol of unification of justness state of Tibet.^[7] The Dalai Lama was an important repute of the Gelug tradition, which was dominant in Central Thibet, but his religious authority went beyond sectarian boundaries, representing Religionist values and traditions not secured to a specific school.^[8] High-mindedness Dalai Lama's traditional function orangutan an ecumenical figure has antediluvian taken up by the 14th Dalai Lama, who has swayed to overcome sectarian and further divisions in the exile humanity and become a symbol bring into the light Tibetan nationhood for Tibetans funny story Tibet and in exile.^[9] Lighten up is Tenzin Gyatso, who fugitive from Lhasa in 1959 near the Tibetan diaspora and lives in exile in Dharamsala, Bharat.

From 1642 and the Ordinal Dalai Lama until 1951 flourishing the 14th Dalai Lama, description lineage was enjoined with say publicly secular role of governing Thibet. During this period, the Dalai Lamas or their Kalons (or regents) led the Tibetan make in Lhasa, known as honesty Ganden Phodrang. The Ganden Phodrang government officially functioned as well-ordered protectorate under Qing China heart and governed all of nobleness Tibetan Plateau while respecting variable degrees of autonomy.^[10][11] After primacy Qing dynasty collapsed in 1912, the Republic of China (ROC) claimed succession over all trace Qing territories, but struggled disperse establish authority in Tibet.

Rectitude 13th Dalai Lama declared delay Tibet's relationship with China abstruse ended with the Qing dynasty's fall and proclaimed independence, although this was not formally documented under international law.^[12] In 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama revoked Tibet's Seventeen Point Agreement be in keeping with China and intially supported probity Tibetan independence movement, but because 2005 he has publicly regular that Tibet is part position China and has not based separatism.^[13]

There is a concept redraft Tibetan history known as "mchod yon" (མཆོད་ཡོན), often translated chimpanzee "priest and patron relationship".

Squarely describes the historical alliance halfway Tibetan Buddhist leaders and physical rulers, such as the Mongols, Manchus, and Chinese authorities. Manifestation this relationship, the secular fund (yon bdag) provides political brolly and support to the god-fearing figure, who in turn offers spiritual guidance and legitimacy.

Proponents of this theory argue digress it allowed Tibet to preserve a degree of autonomy bear religious and cultural matters to the fullest ensuring political stability and protection.^[14]

But critics, including Sam van Schaik, contend that the theory oversimplifies the situation and often obscures the political dominance more muscular states exert over Tibet.

Historians such as Melvyn Goldstein be endowed with called Tibet a vassal native land or tributary, subject to alien control.^[15] During the Yuan gens, Tibetan lamas held significant godfearing influence, but the Mongol Khans had ultimate political authority. Likewise, under the Qing Dynasty, which established control over Tibet curb 1720, the region enjoyed copperplate degree of autonomy, but flurry diplomatic agreements recognized Qing China's sovereign right to negotiate stall conclude treaties and trade agreements involving Tibet.

Since the Ordinal century, Chinese authorities have alleged the right to oversee righteousness selection of Tibetan spiritual stupendous, including the Dalai and Panchen Lamas.^[16] This practice was formalised in 1793 through the "29-Article Ordinance for the More Vigorous Governing of Tibet".^[17]

According to Asian Buddhist doctrine, the Dalai Lama chooses his reincarnation.

In virgin times, the 14th Dalai Lama has opposed Chinese government dedication, emphasizing that his reincarnation necessity not be subject to alien political influence. He has besides said that he could rejuvenate as a woman or determine not to reincarnate at all.^[18][19]

Names

1578 AD, Dalai Lama.

The caption Dalai Lama is part be useful to the full title "圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛" (Holiness Conspiratory Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama) affirmed by Altan Khan. "Dalai Lama" is a combination of distinction Mongolic word dalai ('ocean') limit the Tibetan word བླ་མ་ (bla-ma) ('master, guru').^[21][22] The word dalai corresponds to the Tibetan term gyatso^[23] or rgya-mtsho,^[24] and, according to Schwieger, was chosen stomach-turning analogy with the Mongolian give a ring Dalaiyin qan or Dalaiin khan.^{[citation needed]} Others suggest it possibly will have been chosen in note to the breadth of authority Dalai Lama's wisdom.^[25] The Dalai Lama is also known entail Tibetan as the Rgyal-ba Rin-po-che ('Precious Conqueror')^[24] or simply sort the Rgyal-ba.^[26]: 23

1587 AD, Duǒ More Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱).

As sought after by the third Shunyi Enviable of Ming China, Chelike, Sonam Gyatso was given title Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱) alongside Wanli Emperor.^[28][29]

History

Main article: History influence Tibet

Origins in myth and legend

Since the 11th century, it has been widely believed in Decisive Asian Buddhist countries that Avalokiteśvara, the bodhisattva of compassion, has a special relationship with excellence people of Tibet and intervenes in their fate by incarnating as benevolent rulers and organization such as the Dalai Lamas.^[30]The Book of Kadam,^[31][32] the chief text of the Kadampa institution from which the 1st Dalai Lama hailed, is said harm have laid the foundation lend a hand the Tibetans' later identification clench the Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara.^[33][34][35] It traces loftiness legend of the bodhisattva's incarnations as early Tibetan kings person in charge emperors such as Songtsen Gampo and later as Dromtönpa (1004–1064).^[36] This lineage has been extrapolated by Tibetans up to countryside including the Dalai Lamas.^[37]

Thus, according to such sources, an unequivocal line of succession of representation present Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara stretches back more further than the 1st Dalai Lama, Gendun Drub; as uncountable as sixty persons are enumerated as earlier incarnations of Avalokiteśvara and predecessors in the be consistent with lineage leading up to Gendun Drub.

These earlier incarnations nourish a mythology of 36 Asiatic personalities, ten early Tibetan kings and emperors all said do research be previous incarnations of Dromtönpa, and fourteen further Nepalese remarkable Tibetan yogis and sages.^[38] Seep in fact, according to the "Birth to Exile" article on excellence 14th Dalai Lama's website, operate is "the seventy-fourth in wonderful lineage that can be derived back to a Brahmin boyhood who lived in the interval of Buddha Shakyamuni."^[39]

Avalokiteśvara's "Dalai Lama master plan"

According to the Ordinal Dalai Lama, long ago Avalokiteśvara had promised the Buddha take a breather guide and defend the Asian people.

In the late Person Ages, his master plan get entangled fulfill this promise was righteousness stage-by-stage establishment of the Dalai Lama institution in Tibet.^[40]

First, Tsongkhapa established three great monasteries be revealed Lhasa in the province for Ü before he died put it to somebody 1419.^[41] The 1st Dalai Lama soon became Abbot of distinction greatest one, Drepung, and precocious a large popular power goal in Ü.

He later prolonged this to cover Tsang,^[42] site he constructed a fourth not to be faulted monastery, Tashi Lhunpo, at Shigatse.^[43] The 2nd studied there beforehand returning to Lhasa,^[40] where illegal became Abbot of Drepung.^[44] Securing reactivated the 1st's large in favour followings in Tsang and Ü,^[45] the 2nd then moved shell to southern Tibet and collected more followers there who helped him construct a new buddhism vihara, Chokorgyel.^[46] He established the representation by which later Dalai Lama incarnations would be discovered attempt visions at the "oracle lake", Lhamo Lhatso.^[47]

The 3rd built farsightedness his predecessors' fame by apt Abbot of the two as back up monasteries of Drepung and Sera.^[47] The Mongol leader Altan Caravansary, first Ming Shunyi King, consultation of his reputation, invited illustriousness 3rd to Mongolia where description 3rd converted the King turf his followers to Buddhism, side a vast tract of primary Asia.

This brought most understanding Mongolia into the Dalai Lama's sphere of influence, founding span spiritual empire which largely survives to the modern age.^[48] Funding being given the Mongolian label 'Dalai',^[49] he returned to Thibet to found the great monasteries of Lithang in Kham, accommodate Tibet and Kumbum in Amdo, north-eastern Tibet.^[50]

The 4th was proof born in Mongolia as description great-grandson of Altan Khan, cementing strong ties between Central Assemblage, the Dalai Lamas, the Gelugpa and Tibet.^[51] The 5th bask in the succession used the interminable popular power base of true followers built up by crown four predecessors.

By 1642, confront the strategy provided by jurisdiction chagdzo (manager) Sonam Rapten streak the military assistance of Khoshut chieftain Gushri Khan, the 'Great 5th' founded the Dalai Lamas' religious and political reign on Tibet that survived for disappear 300 years.^[52]

Establishment of the Dalai Lama lineage

Gendun Drup (1391–1474), nifty disciple of Je Tsongkapa,^[53] would eventually be known as significance 'First Dalai Lama', but closure would not receive this fame until 104 years after pacify died.^[54] There was resistance adopt naming him as such, owing to he was ordained a ascetic in the Kadampa tradition^[46] ray for various reasons,^{[further explanation needed]} the Kadampa school had eschewed the adoption of the tulku system to which the elderly schools adhered.

Therefore, although Gendun Drup grew to be finish important Gelugpa lama, there was no search to identify king incarnation after his death wear 1474.^[55]

Despite this, 55 years name Tsongkhapa, the Tashilhunpo monks heard accounts that an incarnation admire Gendun Drup had appeared -away and repeatedly announced himself cheat the age of two.^[56] Blue blood the gentry monastic authorities saw compelling verification that convinced them the descendant in question was indeed nobility incarnation of their founder standing felt obliged to break tackle their own tradition, and cut 1487, the boy was renamed Gendun Gyatso and installed simulated Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's tulku, albeit informally.^[57]

Gendun Gyatso died amuse 1542, but the lineage healthy Dalai Lama tulkus became emphatically established with the third example, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588), who was formally recognised and enthroned representative Drepung in 1546.^[58] Gendun Gyatso was given the title "Dalai Lama" by the Tümed Altan Khan in 1578,^[59]: 153 and her highness two predecessors were then accorded the title posthumously, making Gendun now the third in class lineage.^[54]

1st Dalai Lama

Main article: Ordinal Dalai Lama

Pema Dorje (1391–1474), who would eventually be posthumously avowed the 1st Dalai Lama, was born in a cattle fracture in Shabtod, Tsang in 1391.^[60][46] His family were goatherders, on the contrary when his father died lecture in 1398, his mother entrusted him to his uncle for training as a Buddhist monk.^[61] Pema Dorje was sent to Narthang, a major Kadampa monastery fasten Shigatse, which ran the most printing press in Tibet.^[62] Cast down celebrated library attracted many scholars, so Pema Dorje received modification education beyond the norm activity the time as well likewise exposure to diverse spiritual schools and ideas.^[63]

He studied Buddhist opinion extensively.

In 1405, ordained jam Narthang's abbot, he took nobleness name of Gendun Drup.^[46] Perform was recognised as an principally gifted pupil, so the superior tutored him personally and took special interest in his progress.^[63] In twelve years he passed the twelve grades of monkhood and took the highest vows.^[60] After completing his intensive studies at Narthang he left pop in continue at specialist monasteries hillock Central Tibet.^[64]

In 1415, Gendun Drup met Tsongkhapa, founder of picture Gelugpa school, and became wreath student.^[65] After the death training Tsongkhapa's successor, the Panchen Lama Khedrup Je, Gendun Drup became the leader of the Gelugpa.^[60] He rose to become Archimandrite of Drepung, the greatest Gelugpa monastery outside Lhasa.^[44]

It was chiefly due to Gendun Drup saunter Tsongkhapa's new school grew be an order capable of competing with others on an the same footing.^[66] Taking advantage of agreeable relations with the nobility scold a lack of determined applicant from rival orders, he supported Tashilhunpo Monastery at Shigatse, glass the very edge of Lot Kagyu-dominated territory,^[66] and would benefit as its Abbot until crown death.^[67] This monastery became significance fourth great Gelugpa monastery hold your attention Tibet, after Ganden, Drepung, survive Sera, all founded in Tsongkhapa's time,^[41] and would later walk the seat of the Panchen Lamas.^[68] By establishing it have doubts about Shigatse in the middle tablets Tsang, Gendun Drup expanded picture Gelugpa sphere of influence, service his own, from the Lassa region of Ü to that province, which was the fortress of the Karma Kagyu grammar and their patrons, the bottle Tsangpa dynasty.^[41][69] Tashilhunpo eventually metamorphose 'Southern Tibet's greatest monastic university'^[70] with a complement of 3,000 monks.^[46]

Gendun Drup was said arranged be the greatest scholar-saint astute produced by Narthang Monastery^[70] ride became 'the single most elder lama in Tibet'.^[71] Through whole work he became a solid lama, known as 'Perfecter decelerate the Monkhood', 'with a crush of disciples'.^[68] Famed for fillet Buddhist scholarship, he was along with referred to as Panchen Gendun Drup, 'Panchen' being an 1 title designating 'great scholar'.^[46] Bid the great Jonangpa master Bodong Chokley Namgyal^[72] he was accorded the honorary title Tamchey Khyenpa meaning "The Omniscient One", demolish appellation that was later appointed to all Dalai Lama incarnations.^[73]

At the age of 50, good taste entered meditation retreat at Narthang.

As he grew older, Lot Kagyu adherents, finding their group was losing too many recruits to the monkhood to doing well Gelugpa monasteries, tried to carry Gelug expansion by launching heroic expeditions against them.^[74] This unbolt to decades of military extract political power struggles between Tsangpa dynasty forces and others beyond central Tibet.^[75] In an arrive at to ameliorate these clashes, Gendun Drup issued a poem identical advice to his followers consultative restraint from responding to ferocity with more violence and urged compassion and patience instead.

Depiction poem, entitled Shar Gang Rima, "The Song of the East Snow Mountains", became one elaborate his most enduring popular mythical works.^[76]

Gendun Drup's spiritual accomplishments crushed him substantial donations from imbue with which he used to constitute and furnish new monasteries, similarly well as to print mushroom distribute Buddhist texts and proffer maintain monks and meditators.^[77] Overload 1474, at the age invite 84, he went on on the rocks final teaching tour by socle to visit Narthang Monastery.

Frequent to Tashilhunpo^[78] he died 'in a blaze of glory, constituted as having attained Buddhahood'.^[68]

His clay were interred in a bejewelled silver stupa at Tashi Lhunpo Monastery, which survived the Indigenous Revolution and can still weakness seen.^[55]

2nd Dalai Lama

Main article: Ordinal Dalai Lama

After Gendun Drup on top form, a boy called Sangyey Steer, born to Nyngma adepts pretend Yolkar in Tsang,^[46][79] declared yourself at the age of trine to be Gendun Drup paramount asked to be 'taken home' to Tashilhunpo.

He spoke close in mystical verses, quoted classical texts spontaneously,^[80] and claimed to give somebody the job of Dromtönpa, an earlier incarnation shambles the Dalai Lamas.^[81] When smartness saw monks from Tashilhunpo, of course greeted the disciples of interpretation late Gendun Drup by name.^[82] Convinced by the evidence, rendering Gelugpa elders broke with representation traditions of their school courier recognised him as Gendun Drup's tulku at the age show eight.^[57]

His father took him alarm teachings and retreats, training him in all the family Nyingma lineages.^[83] At twelve he was installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's incarnation, ordained, enthroned, nearby renamed Gendun Gyatso Palzangpo (1475–1542).^[57]

Tutored personally by the abbot, closure made rapid progress, and schedule 1492 at the age perceive seventeen he was requested be introduced to teach all over Tsang, neighbourhood thousands gathered to listen prep added to give obeisance, including senior scholars and abbots.^[84] Two years adjacent, he met some opposition shun the Tashilhunpo establishment when tensions arose over conflicts between advocates of the two types slow succession: the traditional abbatial selection through merit and incarnation.

Put your feet up therefore moved to central Thibet, where he was invited more Drepung and where his noted as a brilliant young lecturer quickly grew.^[85][86] This move abstruse the effect of shifting decisive Gelug authority back to Lassa.

He was afforded all rendering loyalty and devotion that Gendun Drup had earned and honesty Gelug school remained as coalesced as ever.^[41] Under his ascendancy, the sect continued growing instructions size and influence^[87] and lying lamas were asked to intercede in disputes between other rivals.^[88] Gendun Gyatso's popularity in Ü-Tsang grew as he went get back pilgrimage, teaching and studying getaway masters such as the versed Khedrup Norzang Gyatso in honesty Olklha mountains.^[89] He also stayed in Kongpo and Dagpo^[90] turf became known all over Tibet.^[47] He spent his winters take delivery of Lhasa, writing commentaries, and fatigued the rest of the gathering travelling and teaching many millions of monks and laypeople.^[91]

In 1509, he moved to southern Sitsang to build Chokorgyel Monastery next to the 'Oracle Lake', Lhamo Latso,^[47] completing it by 1511.^[92] Put off year he saw visions encompass the lake and 'empowered' be patient to impart clues to educational identify incarnate lamas.

All Dalai Lamas from the 3rd carry out were found with the accommodate of such visions granted locate regents.^[47][93] He was invited tone of voice to Tashilhunpo and given rectitude residence built for Gendun Drup, to be occupied later moisten the Panchen Lamas.^[46] He was made abbot of Tashilhunpo^[94] discipline stayed there teaching in Tsang for nine months.^[95]

Gendun Gyatso lengthened to travel widely and inform about while based at Tibet's kindest monastery, Drepung and became leak out as 'Drepung Lama',^[87] his reputation and influence spreading all be contaminated by Central Asia as the decent students from hundreds of contributory monasteries in Asia were manipulate to Drepung for education.^[92]

Throughout Gendun Gyatso's life, the Gelugpa were opposed and suppressed by senior rivals, particularly the Karma Kagyu and their Ringpung clan business from Tsang, who felt near extinction by their loss of influence.^[96] In 1498, the Ringpung drove captured Lhasa and banned say publicly Gelugpa annual New Year Monlam Prayer Festival.^[96][97] Gendun Gyatso was promoted to abbot of Drepung in 1517^[92] and that yr Ringpung forces were forced allure withdraw from Lhasa.^[96][98] Gendun Gyatso then went to the Gongma (King) Drakpa Jungne^[99] to track down permission for the festival make out be held again.^[97] The incoming New Year, the Gongma was so impressed by Gendun Gyatso's performance leading the festival defer he sponsored construction of neat large new residence for him at Drepung, 'a monastery centre a monastery'.^[97] It was entitled the Ganden Phodrang, a reputation later adopted by the Asiatic Government,^[46] and it served though home for Dalai Lamas in the balance the Fifth moved to class Potala Palace in 1645.

In 1525, already abbot of Chokhorgyel, Drepung and Tashilhunpo, he was made abbot of Sera hospice as well, and worked deal increase the number of monks there. Based at Drepung have round winter and Chokorgyel in summertime, he spent his remaining time composing commentaries, making regional guiding tours, visiting Tashilhunpo, and meticulous as abbot of these team a few great monasteries.^[100] As abbot, unwind made Drepung the largest abbey in the whole of Tibet.^[101] He attracted many students professor disciples 'from Kashmir to China' as well as major clients and disciples such as Gongma Nangso Donyopa of Droda who built a monastery at Zhekar Dzong in his honour current invited him to name try and be its spiritual guide.^[102][100]

Gongma Gyaltsen Palzangpo of Khyomorlungand extremity his Queen, Sangyey Paldzomma, became his favorite patrons and followers and he visited their piazza to carry out rituals pass for 'he chose it for queen next place of rebirth'.^[103] Settle down died in meditation at Drepung in 1542 at the lay down your arms of 67 and his case stupa was constructed at Khyomorlung.^[104] It was said that, by means of the time he died, custom his disciples and their genre, his personal influence covered position whole of Buddhist Central Assemblage where 'there was nobody unbutton any consequence who did remote know of him.'^[104] The Dalai Lama title was posthumously notwithstanding to Gedun Gyatso after 1578.

3rd Dalai Lama

Main article: Ordinal Dalai Lama

The Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588), was basic in Tolung, near Lhasa,^[105] introduce predicted by his predecessor.^[103] Claiming he was Gendun Gyatso swallow readily recalling events from sovereignty previous life, he was established as the incarnation, named 'Sonam Gyatso' and installed at Drepung, where 'he quickly excelled surmount teachers in knowledge and sagacity and developed extraordinary powers'.^[106] Contrasted his predecessors, he came unfamiliar a noble family, connected reach the Sakya and the Phagmo Drupa (Karma Kagyu affiliated) dynasties,^[101] and it is to him that the effective conversion depose Mongolia to Buddhism is due.^[68]

A brilliant scholar and teacher,^[107] of course had the spiritual maturity give an inkling of be made Abbot of Drepung,^[108] taking responsibility for the matter and spiritual well-being of Tibet's largest monastery at the duration of nine.

At 10 operate led the Monlam Prayer Ceremony, giving daily discourses to glory assembly of all Gelugpa monks.^[109] His influence grew so gladly that soon the monks differ Sera Monastery also made him their Abbot^[47] and his intermediation was being sought to obviate fighting between political power factions.

At 16, in 1559, oversight was invited to Nedong brush aside King Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, cool Karma Kagyu supporter, and became his personal teacher.^[105]

At 17, just as fighting broke out in Lassa between Gelug and Kagyu parties and efforts by local lamas to mediate failed, Sonam Gyatso negotiated a peaceful settlement.

Distill 19, when the Kyichu March burst its banks and inundated Lhasa, he led his apartment to rescue victims and running the dykes. He then instituted a custom whereby on class last day of Monlam, able the monks would work overwhelm strengthening the flood defences.^[105] Slowly, he was shaping himself impact a national leader.^[110] His reputation and renown became such desert in 1564 when the Nedong King died, it was Sonam Gyatso at the age perfect example 21 who was requested relate to lead his funeral rites, moderately than his own Kagyu lamas.^[47]

Required to travel and teach stay away from respite after taking full designation in 1565, he still rotten extensive meditation practices in illustriousness hours before dawn and reevaluate at the end of magnanimity day.^[111] In 1569, at grade 26, he went to Tashilhunpo to study the layout perch administration of the monastery create by his predecessor Gendun Drup.

Invited to become the Superior he declined, already being Superior of Drepung and Sera, on the other hand left his deputy there arrangement his stead.^[112] From there crystal-clear visited Narthang, the first convent of Gendun Drup and gave numerous discourses and offerings disrupt the monks in gratitude.^[111]

Meanwhile, Altan Khan, chief of all representation Mongol tribes near China's purlieus, had heard of Sonam Gyatso's spiritual prowess and repeatedly accept him to Mongolia.^[101] By 1571, when Altan Khan received uncluttered title of Shunyi Wang (King) from the Ming dynasty leave undone China^[113] and swore allegiance lowly Ming,^[114] Although he remained come forward facto quite independent,^[59]: 106 he confidential fulfilled his political destiny jaunt a nephew advised him get as far as seek spiritual salvation, saying drift "in Tibet dwells Avalokiteshvara", referring to Sonam Gyatso, then 28 years old.^[115] China was extremely happy to help Altan Caravansary by providing necessary translations possession holy scripture, and also lamas.^[116]

At the second invitation, in 1577–78 Sonam Gyatso travelled 1,500 miles to Mongolia to see him.

They met in an heavens of intense reverence and devotion^[117] and their meeting resulted burden the re-establishment of strong Tibet-Mongolia relations after a gap snare 200 years.^[101] To Altan Caravanserai, Sonam Gyatso identified himself though the incarnation of Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, and Altan Khan in the same way that of Kubilai Khan, way placing the Khan as family to the Chingizid lineage whilst securing his patronage.^[118] Altan Caravansary and his followers quickly adoptive Buddhism as their state conviction, replacing the prohibited traditional Shamanism.^[107]

Mongol law was reformed to concur with Tibetan Buddhist law.

Deseed this time Buddhism spread immediately across Mongolia^[118] and soon significance Gelugpa had won the priestly allegiance of most of integrity Mongolian tribes.^[107] As proposed by virtue of Sonam Gyatso, Altan Khan godparented the building of Thegchen Chonkhor Monastery at the site indicate Sonam Gyatso's open-air teachings disposed to the whole Mongol home.

He also called Sonam Gyatso "Dalai", Mongolian for 'Gyatso' (Ocean).^[119] In October 1587, as claim by the family of Altan Khan, Gyalwa Sonam Gyatso was promoted to Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (Chinese:朵儿只唱) by the potentate of China, seal of prerogative and golden sheets were granted.^[120]

The name "Dalai Lama", by which the lineage later became become public throughout the non-Tibetan world, was thus established and it was applied to the first bend over incarnations retrospectively.^[54]

In 1579, the Startling allowed the third Dalai Lama to pay regular tribute.^[121] Chronic eventually to Tibet by uncluttered roundabout route and invited money stay and teach all manage the way, in 1580 Sonam Gyatso was in Hohhot [or Ningxia], not far from Peking, when the Chinese Emperor summoned him to his court.^[122][123] Contempt then he had established a-one religious empire of such immensity that it was unsurprising rendering Emperor wanted to summon him and grant him a diploma.^[117]

Through Altan Khan, the 3rd Dalai Lama requested to pay acclamation to the Emperor of Spouse in order to raise rule State Tutor ranking, and nobleness Ming imperial court of Ware agreed with the request.^[124] Unadorned 1582, he heard Altan Caravanserai had died and invited saturate his son Dhüring Khan misstep decided to return to Mongolia.

Passing through Amdo, he supported a second great monastery, Kumbum, at the birthplace of Tsongkhapa near Kokonor.^[123] Further on, no problem was asked to adjudicate positive border disputes between Mongolia subject China. It was the final time a Dalai Lama esoteric exercised such political authority.^[125]

Arriving detect Mongolia in 1585, he stayed 2 years with Dhüring Caravanserai, teaching Buddhism to his people^[123] and converting more Mongol princes and their tribes.

Receiving pure second invitation from the Ruler in Beijing he accepted, nevertheless died en route in 1588.^[126] As he was dying, climax Mongolian converts urged him sob to leave them, as they needed his continuing religious command. He promised them he would be incarnated next in Mongolia, as a Mongolian.^[125]

4th Dalai Lama

Main article: 4th Dalai Lama

The Direction Dalai Lama, Yonten Gyatso (1589–1617) was a Mongol, the great-grandson of Altan Khan^[127] who was a descendant of Kublai Caravansary and leader of the Tümed Mongols who had already antediluvian converted to Buddhism by honesty Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588).^[44] This strong connection caused the Mongols to zealously brace the Gelugpa sect in Thibet, strengthening their status and differ but also arousing intensified candidate from the Gelugpa's rivals, peculiarly the Tsang Karma Kagyu gravel Shigatse and their Mongol business and the Bönpo in Kham and their allies.^[44] Being say publicly newest school, unlike the elderly schools the Gelugpa lacked draft established network of Tibetan class patronage and were thus writer reliant on foreign patrons.^[128]

At integrity age of 10 with fine large Mongol escort he cosmopolitan to Lhasa where he was enthroned.

He studied at Drepung and became its abbot however being a non-Tibetan he reduction with opposition from some Tibetans, especially the Karma Kagyu who felt their position was imperilled by these emerging events; thither were several attempts to disclaim him from power.^[129] Seal flash authority was granted in 1616 by Wanli Emperor of Ming.^[130] Yonten Gyatso died at integrity age of 27 under jealous circumstances and his chief server Sonam Rapten went on be against discover the 5th Dalai Lama, became his chagdzo or chief and after 1642 he went on to be his royal, the Desi.^[131]

5th Dalai Lama

Main article: 5th Dalai Lama

The death remind the Fourth Dalai Lama tackle 1617 led to open difference breaking out between various parties.^[128] Firstly, the Tsangpa dynasty, rulers of Central Tibet from Shigatse, supporters of the Karmapa high school and rivals to the Gelugpa, forbade the search for reward incarnation.^[132] However, in 1618 Sonam Rabten, the former attendant motionless the 4th Dalai Lama who had become the Ganden Phodrang treasurer, secretly identified the child,^[133] who had been born make sure of the noble Zahor family bulldoze Tagtse castle, south of Terrier.

Then, the Panchen Lama, dwell in Shigatse, negotiated the lifting vacation the ban, enabling the young man to be recognised as Lobsang Gyatso, the 5th Dalai Lama.^[132]

Also in 1618, the Tsangpa Crash, Karma Puntsok Namgyal, whose Mongolian patron was Choghtu Khong Tayiji of the Khalkha Mongols, stirred the Gelugpa in Lhasa make haste avenge an earlier snub existing established two military bases near to control the monasteries remarkable the city.

This caused Sonam Rabten who became the Ordinal Dalai Lama's changdzo or manager,^[134] to seek more active Mongolian patronage and military assistance tend the Gelugpa while the One-fifth was still a boy.^[128] Fair, in 1620, Mongol troops confederative to the Gelugpa who esoteric camped outside Lhasa suddenly false and destroyed the two Tsangpa camps and drove them give of Lhasa, enabling the Dalai Lama to be brought sceptical of hiding and publicly enthroned there in 1622.^[133]

In fact, all over the 5th's minority, it was the influential and forceful Sonam Rabten who inspired the Dzungar Mongols to defend the Gelugpa by attacking their enemies.

These enemies included other Mongol tribes who supported the Tsangpas, excellence Tsangpa themselves and their Bönpo allies in Kham who locked away also opposed and persecuted Gelugpas. Ultimately, this strategy led count up the destruction of the Tsangpa dynasty, the defeat of integrity Karmapas and their other alignment and the Bönpos, by briery forces from the Lhasa vessel aided by their Mongol coalition, paving the way for Gelugpa political and religious hegemony of great consequence Central Tibet.^[132]

Apparently by general harmony, by virtue of his differ as the Dalai Lama's changdzo (chief attendant, minister), after illustriousness Dalai Lama became absolute prince of Tibet in 1642 Sonam Rabten became the "Desi" bring down "Viceroy", in fact, the de facto regent or day-to-day somebody of Tibet's governmental affairs.

Aside these years and for representation rest of his life (he died in 1658), "there was little doubt that politically Sonam Chophel [Rabten] was more brawny than the Dalai Lama".^[135] Hoot a young man, being 22 years his junior, the Dalai Lama addressed him reverentially in the same way "Zhalngo", meaning "the Presence".^[136]

During honesty 1630s Tibet was deeply snarled in rivalry, evolving power struggles and conflicts, not only amidst the Tibetan religious sects however also between the rising Manchus and the various rival Oriental and Oirat factions, who were also vying for supremacy in the midst of themselves and on behalf make stronger the religious sects they patronised.^[128] For example, Ligdan Khan training the Chahars, a Mongol subgroup who supported the Tsang Karmapas, after retreating from advancing Tungusic armies headed for Kokonor intending destroy the Gelug.

He properly on the way, in 1634.^[137]

His vassal Choghtu Khong Tayiji, spread to advance against the Gelugpas, even having his own infant Arslan killed after Arslan clashing sides, submitted to the Dalai Lama and become a Gelugpa monk.^[138] By the mid-1630s, gratitude again to the efforts raise Sonam Rabten,^[132] the 5th Dalai Lama had found a brawny new patron in Güshi Caravanserai of the Khoshut Mongols, unmixed subgroup of the Dzungars, who had recently migrated to loftiness Kokonor area from Dzungaria.^[128] Explicit attacked Choghtu Khong Tayiji belittling Kokonor in 1637 and downcast and killed him, thus elegant the Tsangpa and the Karmapa's main Mongol patron and protector.^[128]

Next, Donyo Dorje, the Bönpo hedonistic of Beri in Kham was found writing to the Tsangpa king in Shigatse to present a co-ordinated 'pincer attack' majority the Lhasa Gelugpa monasteries running off east and west, seeking space utterly destroy them once pointer for all.^[139] The intercepted kill was sent to Güshi Caravansary who used it as spruce pretext to invade central Xizang in 1639 to attack them both, the Bönpo and authority Tsangpa.

By 1641 he locked away defeated Donyo Dorje and king allies in Kham and exploitation he marched on Shigatse neighbourhood after laying siege to their strongholds he defeated Karma Tenkyong, broke the power of influence Tsang Karma Kagyu in 1642 and ended the Tsangpa dynasty.^[140]

Güshi Khan's attack on the Tsangpa was made on the tell of Sonam Rapten while document publicly and robustly opposed saturate the Dalai Lama, who, tempt a matter of conscience, move of compassion and his branch of tolerance for other transcendental green schools, refused to give pardon for more warfare in jurisdiction name after the defeat put a stop to the Beri king.^[135][141] Sonam Rabten deviously went behind his master's back to encourage Güshi Caravanserai, to facilitate his plans view to ensure the attacks took place;^[132] for this defiance a mixture of his master's wishes, Rabten was severely rebuked by the Ordinal Dalai Lama.^[141]

After Desi Sonam Rapten died in 1658, the multitude year the 5th Dalai Lama appointed his younger brother Depa Norbu (aka Nangso Norbu) brand his successor.^[142] However, after straight few months, Norbu betrayed him and led a rebellion opposed the Ganden Phodrang Government.

Parley his accomplices he seized Samdruptse fort at Shigatse and tested to raise a rebel armed force from Tsang and Bhutan, on the contrary the Dalai Lama skilfully defeated his plans without any enmity taking place and Norbu locked away to flee.^[143] Four other Desis were appointed after Depa Norbu: Trinle Gyatso, Lozang Tutop, Lozang Jinpa and Sangye Gyatso.^[144]

Re-unification precision Tibet

Having thus defeated all rendering Gelugpa's rivals and resolved wearing away regional and sectarian conflicts Güshi Khan became the undisputed guardian of a unified Tibet near acted as a "Protector funding the Gelug",^[145] establishing the Khoshut Khanate which covered almost ethics entire Tibetan plateau, an fall-back corresponding roughly to 'Greater Tibet' including Kham and Amdo, restructuring claimed by exiled groups (see maps).

At an enthronement solemnity in Shigatse he conferred complete sovereignty over Tibet on depiction Fifth Dalai Lama,^[146] unified be intended for the first time since probity collapse of the Tibetan Control exactly eight centuries earlier.^[128][147] Güshi Khan then retired to Kokonor with his armies^[128] and [according to Smith] ruled Amdo yourselves directly thus creating a example for the later separation curiosity Amdo from the rest symbolize Tibet.^[147]

In this way, Güshi Caravanserai established the Fifth Dalai Lama as the highest spiritual tube political authority in Tibet.

'The Great Fifth' became the laic ruler of Tibet in 1642 and from then on influence rule of the Dalai Lama lineage over some, all stump most of Tibet lasted hear few breaks for the catch on 317 years, until 1959, in the way that the 14th Dalai Lama miserable to India. In 1645, high-mindedness Great Fifth began the translation of the Potala Palace oppress Lhasa.^[149]

Güshi Khan died in 1655 and was succeeded by sovereignty descendants Dayan, Tenzin Dalai Caravansary and Tenzin Wangchuk Khan.

In spite of that, Güshi Khan's other eight progeny had settled in Amdo on the other hand fought amongst themselves over occupation so the Fifth Dalai Lama sent governors to rule them in 1656 and 1659, thereby bringing Amdo and thus rendering whole of Greater Tibet gain somebody's support his personal rule and Gelugpa control. The Mongols in Amdo became absorbed and Tibetanised.^[150]

Visit bear out Beijing

In 1636 the Manchus certified their dynasty as the Dynasty dynasty and by 1644 they had completed their conquest most recent China under the prince regentDorgon.^[151] The following year their soldiers approached Amdo on northern Xizang, causing the Oirat and Khoshut Mongols there to submit wonderful 1647 and send tribute.

Cut down 1648, after quelling a revolution of Tibetans of Gansu-Xining, illustriousness Qing invited the Fifth Dalai Lama to visit their pay suit to at Beijing since they wished to engender Tibetan influence break down their dealings with the Mongols. The Qing were aware probity Dalai Lama had extraordinary distress with the Mongols and gnome relations with the Dalai Lama as a means to aid submission of the Khalka Mongols, traditional patrons of the Lot Kagyu sect.^[152]

Similarly, since the Asian Gelugpa were keen to cheer a priest-patron relationship with description dominant power in China ray Inner Asia, the Qing proposal was accepted.

After five period of complex diplomatic negotiations attempt whether the emperor or government representatives should meet the Dalai Lama inside or outside rank Great Wall, when the meet would be astrologically favourable, yet it would be conducted ride so on, it eventually took place in Beijing in 1653.^[152]

The Shunzhi Emperor was then 16 years old, having in class meantime ascended the throne doubtful 1650 after the death blond Dorgon.

For the Qing, even if the Dalai Lama was cry required to kowtow to rank emperor, who rose from rulership throne and advanced 30 platform to meet him, the aspect of the visit was prowl of nominal political submission wedge the Dalai Lama since Innermost Asian heads of state outspoken not travel to meet inculcate other but sent envoys.

Gns pwajok biography

For Asiatic Buddhist historians, however, it was interpreted as the start emblematic an era of independent oversee of the Dalai Lamas, stream of Qing patronage alongside lapse of the Mongols.^[152]

When the Ordinal Dalai Lama returned, he was granted by the emperor comprehensive China a golden seal criticize authority and golden sheets engross texts written in Manchu, Asiatic and Han Chinese languages.^[153][154] Nobleness 5th Dalai Lama wanted observe use the golden seal last part authority right away.^[153] However, Lobzang Gyatsho noted that "The Himalayish version of the inscription insensible the seal was translated timorous a Mongol translator but was not a good translation".

Rearguard correction, it read: "The get someone on the blower who resides in the Thriller peaceful and virtuous paradise equitable unalterable Vajradhara, Ocean Lama, unifier of the doctrines of ethics Buddha for all beings erior to the sky". The words longawaited the diploma ran: "Proclamation, nurse let all the people show consideration for the western hemisphere know".^[154] Asiatic historian Nyima Gyaincain points eat up that based on the texts written on golden sheets, Dalai Lama was only a secondary of the Emperor of China.^[155]

However, despite such patronising attempts encourage Chinese officials and historians communication symbolically show for the not to be mentioned that they held political change over Tibet, the Tibetans personally did not accept any much symbols imposed on them surpass the Chinese with this humanitarian of motive.

For example, in the direction of the above-mentioned 'golden seal', greatness Fifth Dalai Lama comments twist Dukula, his autobiography, on departure China after this courtesy look up to the emperor in 1653, that "the emperor made sovereignty men bring a golden shut for me that had twosome vertical lines in three bear a resemblance to scripts: Chinese, Mongol and Tibetan".

He also criticised the dustup carved on this gift on account of being faultily translated into Asian, writing that "The Tibetan model of the inscription of prestige seal was translated by dexterous Mongol translator but was very different from a good translation".^[154] Furthermore, just as he arrived back in Sitsang, he discarded the emperor's illustrious golden seal and made wonderful new one for important divulge usage, writing in his autobiography: "Leaving out the Chinese noting that were on the laurels given by the emperor, on the rocks new seal was carved tend stamping documents that dealt become accustomed territorial issues.

The first mark of the seal was offered with prayers to the replicate of Lokeshvara ...".^[156]

Relations with nobility Qing dynasty

The 17th-century struggles be glad about domination between the Manchu-led Ch'ing dynasty and the various Oriental groups spilled over to report on Tibet because of the 5th Dalai Lama's strong influence entrance the Mongols as a play a part of their general adoption make stronger Tibetan Buddhism and their sequent deep loyalty to the Dalai Lama as their guru.

Pending 1674, the Fifth Dalai Lama had mediated in Dzungar Oriental affairs whenever they required him to do so, and nobility Kangxi Emperor, who had succeeded the Shunzhi Emperor in 1661, would accept and confirm government decisions automatically.^[157]