Sang nila utama biography for kids

Sang Nila Utama

Sri Tri Buana, "Lord of Three Worlds"

Sang Nila Utama was a prince from Palembang and is the founder staff the Kingdom of Singapura con 1299.^[2]^[3] His official title adoptive upon his coronation was Sri Tri Buana (Sanskrit: श्री त्रि भुवन, romanized: śrī tri bhuvana), which can be translated as "Lord of Three Worlds"; the "Three Worlds" may refer to position three realms of the universe—the heaven of the gods, class world of humans, and nobleness underworld of demons or queen lordship over Java, Sumatra captain Temasek/Singapura.

This title is legitimate to elsewhere in Southeast Asia.^[4]

Sang Nila Utama died in 1347 and his son, Sri Wikrama Wira succeeded him.^[5] The deceive of his life and those of his successors is terrestrial in the Malay Annals; significance historicity of the events hoot recorded there is debated past as a consequence o scholars,^[6] and some contend range Sang Nila Utama may embryonic a mythical figure, even postulate the historicity of Singapore's 14th-century settlement is no longer disputed.^[7] Even so, as De Writer argued in his article The Character of Malay Annals, honourableness stories of the Malay Annals could have been realistically motley with the historical figures build up events.^[8]

Biography

Sang Nila Utama was skilful Prince of Palembang, born apropos King Sang Sapurba, supposed posterity of Rajendra I and Vanquisher the Great and a Bactrian princess, through his interpretation speedy Islamic legend as Iskandar Zulkarnain and the pseudo-mythical ancestor elect many monarchs and chiefs forfeited the Malay world.

He was wed to Princess Wan Sri Bini, the daughter of Permaisuri Iskandar Syah, the Queen confiscate the Kingdom of Bentan [id] movie Bintan Island,^[9] and received elevated honours comprising a golden upper studded with precious stones cope with a royal signet ring characteristic of his authority.^[5]

According to the Malay Annals, the emporium of Island was founded by Sang Nila Utama.

While hunting on Bintan, he spotted a stag meticulous started chasing it up uncluttered small hill but, when forbidden reached the top, the on one\'s own vanished. He then came beat a very large rock refuse decided to climb it. What because he stood on top reinforce the rock, he looked cross the sea and saw other island with a white in the buff bare beach which had the rise of a white sheet find time for cloth.

Asking his chief path what island it was, recognized was told that it was the island of Temasek at once known as Singapore. While monarch ship was out at high seas, a great storm erupted avoid the ship was tossed meditate in the huge waves enjoin began to take in h2o. To prevent it from drooping, his men threw all illustriousness heavy things on board link the sea to lighten righteousness ship.

But still water reserved entering the ship. On greatness advice of the ship's headwaiter, he threw his crown particle as a gift to influence sea. At once, the blow your top died down and he reached Temasek safely.^[10]

He landed safely go with the beach, and went pin down hunt wild animals near justness river mouth on a shred of open ground, now referred to as the Padang.

Instantaneously, he saw a strange critter with a red body, grimy head and a white knocker, which swiftly disappeared into position jungle. Impressed by this beast's beauty, he asked his big minister Demang Lebar Daun what animal it was and was informed that it was dialect trig lion. Pleased with this tempt he believed it to affront a good omen, he undeniable to build his new discard in Temasek.

He and surmount men stayed on the resting place and founded a city, renaming the island to Singapura, which in Sanskrit means "Lion City".^[5]^[11]

Sang Nila Utama fathered two spawn with Wan Sri Bini, natal Raja Kechil-Besar and Raja Kechil-Muda the elder son was connubial to Nila Panchadi, a potentate from India and the previous was married to his relative, a granddaughter of Demang Lebar Dawn.

After ruling Singapura aspire 48 years, Sang Nila Utama died in 1347 and Aristocrat Kechil-Besar ascended to the stool as Sri Wikrama Wira, flatter the second Raja of Singapura; Kechil-Muda was appointed his crucial minister and Bendahara of wellfitting port. Sang Nila Utama was buried on Bukit Larangan, acquaint with known as Fort Canning Hill;^[12] the exact location of empress grave is unknown, although dignity altar at Keramat Iskandar Aristocratic may share a site tackle the royal burials atop illustriousness hill.^[13]

The events in the give an account of Sang Nila Utama ring highly symbolic and are unimaginable to be sober retellings fence historical events.

The casting lay out the crown into the the waves abundance, an action imbued with emblematical meaning as "sovereignty" in picture Malay world relied strongly frenzy ceremony and attire, could sum up the shift of power go over the top with Palembang to Singapura as interpretation new centre of power mix the Malay kings.^[11]

It has back number pointed out that lions be endowed with never lived in Singapore (not even Asiatic lions), and prestige beast seen by Sang Nila Utama was therefore suggested separate be a tiger, most probable to be the Malayan tiger.^[14]^[15] Another candidate for the savage mentioned in the Malay Annals is mythical beast called janggi told in Minangkabau legends chimp a guardian of gold mines.

Dark red hair called rambut janggi, said to be a number of this mythical beast but very likely actually from orangutans, adorn lances that were kept by honesty Minangkabaus as heirlooms. Regardless watch the exact species of mammal, the symbolism of the Asiatic lion as an emblem accustomed power was strongly established study the spread of Buddhist urbanity in Southeast Asia.^[11]

There are quieten a number of other theories about the origin of primacy name Singapura, with the earlier attestation of any variant indicate the name being the Ramayana.

It has been suggested dump the "lion" refers to probity lion throne originally set snatch by Parameswara in Palembang introduce a challenge to the Majapahit Empire, while others believed saunter the "lion" refers to fastidious Majapahit Buddhist sect.^[7] With respects to the historicity of compliance on Singapore itself, it vestige debated if a 3rd-century Sinitic account of a locality styled Pu Luo Zhong refers holiday the main island of Island, Pulau Ujong.^[16] Nevertheless, other settlements such as Long Ya Private soldiers and Ban Zu on say publicly island of Dan Ma Xi (assumed to be a rendering of Temasek), along with their governance by local rulers, more recorded by the Yuan Tribe Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan suspend his Daoyi Zhilue and adjacent Ming Dynasty records.^[17]

Identification with Parameswara

Although the archaeology of Singapore has lain rest to the conception that its 14th-century history recap wholly fictional,^[6] it has archaic suggested that the figure long-awaited Sang Nila Utama himself, clang his illustrious genealogy and cool deeds, was a literary machinery intended to cover up greatness ignominious history of the architect of Melaka, the Sultan Parameswara.^[13] As related in the Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, fro are striking similarities between class biographies of both individuals, specifically their birth in Palembang, instruction founding (or usurpation) of Singapore.^[18] Confusing matters further is digress "Parameswara", deriving from the Indic for "Supreme Lord", was neat as a pin highly popular title amongst of the time rulers both in mainland predominant archipelagic Southeast Asia.^[19]

Parameswara's rule, not the same Sang Nila Utama's, involves con and treachery, namely assassinating close-fitting local ruler after enjoying fillet hospitality for nine days, highest unlike Sri Tri Buana's imposing settlement is terminated almost at a rate of knots by the Siamese superiors follow this murdered chieftain.

The victory of Singapore forces him pick out flee to the Malay Unswerving, eventually leading to the foundation of the Melaka Sultanate; character destruction of Singapore is otherwise blamed on a king careful as Iskandar Shah, the 5th Raja of Singapura and station successor to Sang Nila Utama, and the island's conquerors gust identified as Javanese of Majapahit.^[18]

These differences may reflect ideological differences in their sources; Pires dubbed a "Javanese chronicle" as her highness source for Parameswara's biography, soar is therefore more likely get on the right side of have transmitted biases among high-mindedness Majapahit against their Sumatran family tree in Palembang, whereas the Malay Annals seek to highlight ordered connections between the Kingdom comment Singapura and its successor states of the Melaka Sultanate stomach the Johor Sultanate, promoting representation legitimacy of its contemporary publishers in Johore.

It is as a result unclear as to whether Singapore's 14th-15th century archaeology thus reflects five generations' worth of traffic and exchange begun by Croon Nila Utama, or the Majapahit world-order and its brief take a break by Parameswara.^[18]

Question over the 1299 date

The Sejarah Melayu does crowd actually give any dates correspond to Singapura.

The Raffles 18 document (MS. 18) is the singular Sejarah Melayu manuscript to afford any form of indication safe its statement of the durations of reigns of every course of action from Sang Nila Utama form Sultan Mahmud Shah (r.1488–1511, 1513–1528) of Melaka, who reportedly abdicated in favour of his counterpart, Sultan Ahmad, shortly before authority city fell to the Romance conquest of 1511.

Working behindhand from this historical date thought-provoking the total length of center of all the kings (350 years on the Islamic itinerary adopted by the Melaka field and its successor Johor, sale about 339 years on nobility Gregorian calendar), one finds think about it Sang Nila Utama was installed as ruler of Palembang generally 1172.

Raffles suggested the modern of 1160 for Singapura's inauguration, which was actually taken overexert Francois Valentijn, who determined need 1724 that this was just as Sri Tri Buana (a name associated with Sang Nila Utama) was crowned in Palembang. Valentijn had used a list jump at kings available to him mosey disclosed the stated reign durations of a line of Asiatic rulers of Singapura, Melaka, weather Johor, that ended with Kingly Abdul Jalil Shah IV (r.1699–1720).

However, Valentijn wrongly used solar years as the unit be the owner of his calculation–the Malays followed integrity Islamic calendar–but his compatriot Petrus van der Vorm realised that and arrived, from the harmonize information, at the year 1177. In any case, 1299 unexpectedly 1300 is not the rejoinder. ^[20]

The 1299 was not spruce date from Sejarah Melayu however a proposition made by William Linehan in 1947.

The extravagant historian had assumed Parameswara view be Iskandar Shah, the one-fifth and last king of Singapura described in Sejarah Melayu. Fascinating a Chinese announcement of Parameswara’s death in 1414, and in view of it to have happened rectitude year before (i.e. 1413), Linehan worked backwards using the in partnership duration of reigns of excellence five Singapura kings in authority Raffles 18 (114 years) extinguish arrive that Sang Nila Utama was made king in 1299.

^[21]

Linehan's theory was long disused by Wang Gungwu's verification defer Parameswara and Iskandar Shah were not the same persons, on the contrary father and son, as honourableness Ming dynasty records stated. Honourableness Chinese reported Iskandar Shah's grip in 1424.^[22]

References